Kendall Widdel - Physics Lab 2

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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Name: Kendall Widdel E-mail address: kwiddel@vols.utk.edu Laboratory 2 Report The goal of this lab is to understand Newton's 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd laws of Motion. In this experiment, we will be watching videos, and creating charts to help visualize and demonstrate each of the laws of motion.   Discuss with other students what you think happens to the head of a buckled-up driver when the car is hit from behind. When sitting in a stopped car, and you get hit from behind, I think your body will be jolted forwards, just to be stopped by the seat belt, leaving your head to continue going forwards as it is not secured in the seatbelt, causing head and neck injuries. This can cause a concussion as the person's brain will get jumbled around.  Discuss what you think happens to the head of a buckled-up passenger in a moving car when the car hits a stopped car. If I was the passenger in a moving car when the car hit a stopped car, my body would continue going forward as that was the motion I was originally traveling in, and then I would shoot back into my seat as my seatbelt would stop me, and change the direction as the force of the stopped car is stronger than the speed I was traveling in. Record what happens to the ball when you conduct the following three experiments. From rest, when I walk forward, the ball rolls off the back of the book toward me From rest, when I walk backwards the ball rolls off the front of the book away from me When I walked forward and then suddenly stopped, the ball continued to roll off the front of the book away from me. Are your observations consistent with Newton's first law? Discuss!

Yes, the observations are consistent with Newton's first law because the ball was forced to change its state as I moved myself. So like when I walked, the ball rolled off because I wasn’t applying force to the ball so it did not move with me  Using Newton's First Law, predict what should happen to the head of the buckled-up driver in the stopped car. Where should the brain trauma occur in this type of accident? According to Newton's first law, the head of a buckled-up driver in a stopped car will have hyperextension as they attempt to stay in the same spot while the car is jolted forward causing their head to travel backward. This will cause trauma to occur in the back part of the brain as it is pushed to the back part of the skull  Using Newton's First Law, predict what should happen to the head of the buckled-up passenger in the moving car. Where should the brain trauma occur in this type of accident? According to Newton's first law, the head of the buckled-up passenger in the moving car will hyperflexion because the car comes to an immediate halt, while the passenger continues to move in a forward motion but then is stopped by the seatbelt, causing the head to continue to move. This will cause trauma on the frontal love of the brain. Newtons 2 nd Law Experiment 2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 -0.3 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 f(x) = − 0.09 x² − 0.42 x + 0.07 Position vs Time F=0.2N Time (s) Position (m)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 f(x) = − 0.5 x² + 0.94 x − 0.07 Position vs Time F=0.3N Time (s) Position (m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 f(x) = − 0.28 x² + 0.62 x − 0.05 Position vs Time F=0.4N Time (s) Position (m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 f(x) = 0.1 x² + 0.41 x − 0.06 Position vs Time F=0.5N Time (s) Position (m)

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-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 f(x) = 0.16 x + 0.38 Force vs Acceleration Acceleration (m/s^2) Force (N)  Paste your graph into your log. Refer to your graph and describe the relationship between force and acceleration using words. What is the physical meaning of the slope? Looking at the graph, there is a positive slope, meaning there is a positive relationship between force and acceleration. As acceleration increases, the force also increases.  What is your best estimate for the mass of the cart? My best estimate of the mass of the cart is 0.3825 Newtons because that is the Y-intercept, meaning that when there is no acceleration added to the cart, the force is 0.3825 N Newtons 3 rd Law Clip 1: Describe your observations. Compare the magnitude and direction of the interaction forces experienced by the two carts As the red cart moves and the black cart stays still, they are still experiencing the same force. As the carts move further apart the magnitude increases stretching the rubber band further. Clip 2: Describe your observations. Compare the magnitude and direction of the interaction forces experienced by the two carts.

As the carts moved at a constant rate in the opposite direction both carts experience the same force, and as the carts move a further distance away it increases the magnitude on the carts. Describe your observations. Compare the magnitude and direction of the interaction forces experienced by the two carts The short movements within the cars are still experiencing an equal amount of force. The level of magnitude stays the same, with a shorter amount of distance. Meaning the hills on the graph are just as tall, but not as wide.  Do these force versus time graphs help you understand Newton's third law? Yes, it gives me a better understanding and helps me visualize the Third law Reflection : Overall, as this lab was very time-consuming, it was helpful to demonstrate the relationship between the laws of motion. As I started off, I was just following the directions and completing each step as constructed to do so, but when we got to Newton's 2 nd Law, as I was already familiar with the website that we were using, I was able to understand the steps. I even had to redo the videos a couple of times because I didn’t agree with the relationship that the graph was showing me. Overall, this lab gave me more practice and a better understanding of each of the laws of motion while giving a hands-on activity.