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Georgia Institute Of Technology *

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1310

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Chemistry

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Oct 30, 2023

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Intermolecular Forces, Evaporation, and Vapor Pressure 15 March 2023 CHEM 1310 Laboratory Data and Results Table 1. Dominant intermolecular forces in the six liquids studied. Compound Molecular Formula Dominant IMF Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH Hydrogen Bonds 1-Propanol CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH Hydrogen Bonds Acetonitrile CH 3 COCH 3 Dipole-Dipole Pentane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 London Dispersion Toluene C6H5CH3 London Dispersion Water H 2 O Hydrogen Bonds Table 2. Rates of evaporation. Compound Evaporation Rate (%/min) Ethanol 0.95 1-Propanol 5.44 Acetonitrile 2.34 Pentane 2.97 Toluene 0.59 Water 1.07 Table 3. Temperature changes upon evaporation. Compound T (ºC) Ethanol 13.0 1-Propanol 6.9 Acetonitrile 14.6 Pentane 10.2 Toluene 7.8 Water 9.3
Table 4. Vapor pressure as a function of temperature. Compound Ethanol Compound Acetonitrile Temperature (K) Vapor P (atm) Temperature (K) Vapor P (atm) 294.2 1.040 293.9 0.970 301.5 1.068 297.1 0.970 306.4 1.080 300.9 0.980 310.2 1.100 304.4 1.000 313.8 1.130 306.5 1.020 318.2 1.190 310.5 1.060 Compound 1-Propanol Compound Pentane Temperature (K) Vapor P (atm) Temperature (K) Vapor P (atm) 295.9 0.970 294.3 1.120 303.7 0.970 297.0 1.160 305.8 0.980 300.4 1.230 307.4 1.000 304.2 1.320 309.5 1.020 307.0 1.400 313.1 1.060 308.8 1.450 Compound Toluene Compound Water Temperature (K) Vapor P (atm) Temperature (K) Vapor P (atm) 294.6 0.014 296.5 0.002 298.2 0.040 299.6 0.015 302.3 0.070 303.4 0.033 305.7 0.090 306.8 0.051 308.2 0.120 310.4 0.069 310.7 0.140 315.1 0.089 Discussion Based on the results of the three different experiments, the list of each molecule sorted based on strongest intermolecular force to weakest is as follows: Toluene > Ethanol > Water > Acetonitrile > Pentane > 1-Propanol I determined this ranking based on the relative evaporation rates of each molecule, the relative vapor pressure of each molecule at certain temperatures, and the amount each compound changes temperature as evaporation occurred. Stronger IMFs lead to lower rates of evaporation (because it is harder to pull molecules apart) and lower vapor pressure (due to the lowered evaporation rate less gas phase molecules are present).
For instance, the rate at which toluene evaporates is 0.59% per minute, while the evaporation rate of 1-propanol is 5.435% per minute. This indicates that the toluene has stronger IMFs, as it doesn t evaporate (break bonds) as rapidly. When looking at the vapor pressure chart, while the data isn t quite as conclusive, its evident that the molecules with stronger IMF molecules had a lower vapor pressure around 295 kelvin, while the weaker IMF molecules had a relatively higher vapor pressure. For instance, toluene had a vapor pressure around 0.014 atm near 295 kelvin, while pentane had a vapor pressure of around 1.120 atm near 295 kelvin. Because the vapor pressure should be lower for molecules with stronger IMFs, I concluded that toluene must have stronger IMFs in this case. In the second part of the experiment, vapor pressure was measured as a function of temperature of a compound. It is quite evident from the data, that as temperature was increased, vapor pressure also increased. For instance, ethanol at 294.15 kelvin had a vapor pressure of 1.040 atm, while at 318.15 kelvin, it had a vapor pressure of 1.190 atm, a steady increase that illustrates a directly proportional relationship. This makes sense, as evaporation happens due to the breaking of intermolecular forces between liquid state molecules, and as energy (heat) is added to the system, more and more molecules can break free from their IMFs and transition to a gas state. As the number of gas phase molecules increased in the closed container, the relative pressure of the gas pushing against the container walls increased, and the vapor pressure rose. Based on the strength of intermolecular forces determined earlier in the analysis, and following the rule that stronger IMFs lead to higher boiling points, we can determine which molecules should have higher boiling points than others. The list is as follows: Toluene > Ethanol > Water > Acetonitrile > Pentane > 1-Propanol.
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