MED 116 Chapters 8-10 Notes

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes    ___cramps___ are spastic and painful contractions of muscles that occur because of an irritation within the muscle.  ___Fibromyalgia__ is a form of rheumatism that causes chronic muscle pain.  ___Myalgia__ is muscle pain  __afferent_ neurons carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord from external receptors.  __afferent__ or sensory neurons are those that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord.  __Dendrites__ are short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron.  __ Ependymal __ cells line the cavities of the central nervous system and produce cerebrospinal fluid.  __smooth__ muscle is not under voluntary control.  __synergists__ are muscles that assist the prime mover muscles in performing movement.  _Astrocytes__ are star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord.  _efferent__ neurons carry messages from the brain and spinal cord.  _ependymal_cells produce cerebrospinal fluid.  10% of the population deals with arthritis.  A ___articulation___ is a place of union or junction between two or more bones.

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  A ___sprain____ is the tearing of joint ligaments due to trauma.  A __reflex arc_ is the simplest pathway able to receive a stimulus, enter the central nervous system for immediate interpretation, and produce a response.  A _hinge__ joint is a type of joint in which the movement is limited to flexion and extension in a single plane.  A _nerve__ is a bundle of nerve fibers located outside the central nervous system.  A bands are the __dark___ bands and I bands are the ___light__ bands  A bands the dark, thick bands of the protein myosin in muscle cells  A condition, commonly occurring in individuals who are bedridden, in which a muscle shortens its length in the resting state is known as contracture  A convex surface fits into a concave surface. This describes a ____ joint. hinge  A decrease in muscle bulk due to a lack of exercise, as when a limb is in a cast for a prolonged period, is known as _atrophy__.  A decrease in muscle bulk due to a lack of exercise, as when a limb is in a cast for a prolonged period, is known as __atrophy__.  A joint in which the bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage is a  symphysis  A joint in which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage is a(n) synchondrosis  A motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a: motor unit  A movement that increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position is known as? hyperextension  A nerve cell process that carries nervous impulses away from the cell body is called a(n): axon  A property of muscle whereby a steady or constant state of partial contraction is maintained is known as __tone__.  A single muscle contraction is called a(n): twitch  A synapse is: The space between adjacent neurons through which an impulse is transmitted  A(n) ____ is an articulation in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. suture  A(n) __articulation___ is a place of union or junction between two or more bones.  abduction ____ moving the bones or limb away from midline of body  Abduction : is moving the bones or limb away from the midline of the body while the opposite is   Abductor digiti minimi: muscle that abducts little toe  Abductor hallucis: muscle that abducts, flexes great toe  Abductor pollicis: muscle that abducts the thumb  Abductor: If a limb is moved away from the midline  Acetylcholine: neurotransmitter substance  Acetylcholinesterase: an enzyme in the postsynaptic neuron that breaks down acetylcholine  Actin: thin filaments of protein in a muscle cell  Action potential: when a muscle generates its own impulse to contract  adduction ____moving bone or limb toward the midline  adduction : (add-DUCK-shun), which is moving the bone or limb toward the midline of the body  adduction___ is the act of moving the bones or limb toward the midline of the body.  Adductor pollicis: muscle that adducts the thumb  Adductor: if the limb is brought in toward the midline

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Bursae are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining. can be found where? Bursae. found in spaces of connective tissue between tendons, ligaments, and bones. wherever friction can develop.  Cardiac and smooth muscle is under the control of the __autonomic___ nervous system  Cardiac muscle: muscle found only in the heart  Cardiovascular System: 1.The heart pumps blood to the muscle cells, carrying nutrients to and wastes away from the muscle cells. 2.Red blood cells carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide gas away from the muscle cells.  Carrying messages from the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation and the response from the brain to the muscles and glands is a major function of the: spinal cord  Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.  Central nervous system (CNS)consists of the brain and spinal cord  Chewing, made possible by the masseter and temporalis muscles which close the jaw by bringing up the mandible in a bite grip, is also called __mastication__.  Chewing, made possible by the masseter and temporalis muscles, is also called mastication  Choose the description that best explains the role of the triceps and biceps during extension. The triceps is the extensor, or prime mover, and the biceps is the antagonist.  Choose the description that best explains the role of the triceps and biceps during flexion. The triceps is the antagonist and the biceps is the flexor, or prime mover.  Circumduction  (sir-kum-DUCK-shun) is moving the bone in such a way that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air and the sides of the bone describe a cone in the air  circumduction___ moving the bone is such a way that the end of bone or limb describes a circle in the air and sides of bones describe a cone in the air  condyloid joint ___ is a biaxial joint that consists of an oval-shaped condyle that fits into an elliptical cavity. aka? Ex; -aka ellipsoidal joint-wrist, some carpals. can flex and extend hand at wrist (raising hand to signal STOP), and also abduct/adduct (like when waving bye)  def biaxial joint motion is possible in two planes at right angles to each other ex. wrist joint, and carpal bones can flex and extend hand at wrist (raising hand to signal STOP), and also abduct/adduct (like when waving bye)  def uniaxial joints where motion is restricted to one plane ex. knee, elbow, phalanges  Degenerative joint disease (DJD) commonly affects the knee joints because they are major weight-bearing joints  Degenerative joint disease, a condition affecting the weight-bearing joints, is also known as osteoarthritis  Deltoid: muscle that abducts the arm  Depolarization reversal of electrical charge  depression  is lowering a part of the body.  Depression___ is lowering a part of the body  Depressors: lower a part of the body  Diaphragm: the muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity used in breathing. The main muscle used in breathing.  diarthroses are always characterized by the presence of a ____ enclosed by a ___. cavity enclosed by a capsule. fibrous/joint capsule is lined on inside w synovial membrane, =synovial fluid. decrease friction  Digestive System: 1.Skeletal muscle contraction in swallowing brings food to the system; smooth muscle contraction pushes digested food through the stomach and intestines. 2.The

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes intestines absorb digested nutrients to make them available to muscle cells for their energy source  Dopamine: a neurotransmitter  dorsiflexion___ is raising the foot up at the ankle joint  Dura mater: the outermost spinal or cranial meninx  During a muscle contraction, the muscle cell membrane becomes temporarily permeable to: sodium  Efferent peripheral system: consists of efferent or motor neurons that convey information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands  Electrical potential: caused by a rapid influx of sodium ions into a muscle cell  Elevation  is raising a part of the body  elevation___ is raising a part of the body  Endocrine System: 1.Growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates muscular development. 2.Hormones increase blood flow to muscles during exercise.  Endomysium: delicate connective tissue that surrounds the sarcolemma of a muscle cell  Endorphins neurotransmitters  Enteric nervous system (ENS) is voluntary or involuntary? Involuntary.  Ependymal cells line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain; produce and move cerebrospinal fluid through the CNS  Epimysium: coarse, irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle  eversion ____ moving the sole of foot outward at the ankle  Eversion is moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle  extension act of increasing the angle between bones and is opposite of flexion  Extensor carpi: muscles that extend the wrist  Extensor digitorum communis: muscles involved in abducting and adducting the wrist; also extends toes and fingers  Extensor hallucis: muscle that extends great toe; dorsiflexes ankle  Extensor pollicis: muscle involved in extending the thumb  Extensors: Muscles that straighten a limb at a joint  External intercostals: muscles that draw adjacent ribs together  External oblique: muscle that compresses abdominal contents  Fascia: layer of areolar tissue covering the whole muscle trunk  Fascicle: individual bundle of muscle cells  Fasciculi: skeletal muscle bundles  Fibrillation of cardiac muscle can result in _death  Fibrillation: rapid, uncontrolled contraction of individual cells in the heart. This results in the heart's inability to pump the blood properly and can result in death  fibrositis __ when in lower back. inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in a joint. It is commonly called rheumatism by the layman. If it is in the lower back, it is commonly called lumbago  Flexion  (FLEK-shun) is the act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones.  flexion___ is act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones  flexion___ is pushing the foot down at the ankle joint plantar  Flexor carpi: muscle that flexes the wrist  Flexor digitorum: muscle that flexes toes and fingers  Flexor hallucis: muscle that flexes great toe

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Insertion: the movable attachment where the effects of contraction are seen  Integumentary System: 1.Sensory receptors in the skin stimulate muscle contraction in response to environmental changes in temperature or pressure. 2.Skin dissipates heat during muscle contraction.  Internal intercostals: muscles that draw adjacent ribs together  Internal oblique: muscle that compresses abdominal contents  Internuncial or association neurons transmit the sensory impulse to the appropriate part of the brain or spinal cord for interpretation and processing; also known as association neurons  Interossei: muscles that cause abduction of the proximal phalanges of the fingers  intervertebral joints ____ is a multiaxial joint, formed by either opposing plane surfaces or slightly convex and concave surfaces. only allows gliding movements. 1 ex gliding joint -ex.  inversion is moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle.  inversion___ moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle  Isometric activity: contraction in which a muscle remains at a constant length while tension against the muscle increases  joints are classified into 3 major groups according to degree of movement they allow (aka by function): 1. synarthroses (no movement) 2. amphiarthroses (tiny bit of movement) 3. diarthroses (full ROM)  Lalia Escobar, a 20-year-old pre-medical student, is scheduled to undergo a spinal tap this morning for diagnostic purposes. Lalia has been instructed about the procedure by her health care providers. Lalia learns that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) will be extracted during the spinal tap and sent to the laboratory for analysis. When performing a spinal tap, where must the needle be inserted to obtain CSF without damaging the spinal cord? The subarachnoid space. At what level is a spinal tap performed to prevent damage to the spinal cord? L3-4. What can health care providers learn from analysis of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid? The presence of infection, The presence of hemorrhage, and elevation of CSF pressure. In addition to analyzing cerebrospinal fluid, which of the following is NOT a reason to perform a spinal tap? Removal of CSF for donation purposes.  Lateral rectus: muscle that rolls the eyeball laterally  latissimus dorsi: muscle extends adducts and rotates the arm medially. Because these movements are used in swimming, this muscle is often called the swimmer's muscle.  Latissimus dorsi: muscle that extends, adducts and rotates the arm medially  Levator labii superioris: muscle that raises the upper lip and dilates the nostril  Levator scapulae: muscle that elevates the scapula  Levators: raise a part of the body  Lou Gehrig's disease is also known as  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis  Lowering a part of the body is also known as depression  Lymphatic System: 1.Skeletal muscle contractions push lymph through the lymphatic vessels, particularly by the action of breathing. 2.Lymphocytes combat infection in the muscles and develop immunities.  Masseter: muscle that closes the jaw  Mastication: chewing  Medial rectus: muscle that rolls the eyeball medially  Membrane or resting potential the ionic and electrical charge around a nerve fiber that is not transmitting an impulse; also called resting potential  Meninges: a series of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Microglial cells: small cells that protect the central nervous system by engulfing and destroying microbes like bacteria and cellular debris  Motor neurons are also known as _efferent__ neurons  Motor or efferent neuron neuron that connects with muscles or glands to bring about a reaction to a stimulus; also called efferent neuron  Movement of the sole of the foot outward at the ankle is known as eversion  Moving a body part away from the midline of the body is abduction  Moving the bone in such a way that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air is called? circumduction  Moving the bones or limb away from the midline of the body is known as abduction  Moving the bones or limb away from the midline of the body is known as hyperextension  Multipolar neurons neurons that have several dendrites and one axon  Muscle fibrils are surrounded by membranes in the form of vesicles and __tubules___.  Muscles comprise a large part of the human body. How much of an adult's body weight comes from muscle tissue? About 40-50%  Muscles that are attached to the bones are called: skeletal muscles  Muscles that produce movement in a single direction are: prime movers  Myelin sheath a fatty sheath surrounding some axons  Myofibrils have dark bands, known as A bands, composed of the protein _myosin__  Myofibrils have dark bands, known as A bands, composed of the protein __myosin___.  Myosin: thick filaments of protein in a muscle cell  Nerve bundle of nerve cells or fibers  Nerves carry impulses by creating electric charges in a process known as: depolarization  Nervous System: 1.Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction by releasing acetylcholine at their axon terminals in the neuromuscular junction  Neurons nerve cell that transmits impulses  Neurons that have several dendrites and one axon are known as ___ neurons  Nissl bodies/chromatophilic substance ribosomes attached to the rough ER in a neuron; also called chromatophilic substance  Nodes of Ranvier/neurofibril nodes gaps in the myelin sheath; also called neurofibral nodes  Norepinephrine hormone produced by the adrenal medulla; noradrenaline  Occipitalis: muscle that draws the scalp backward  Oligodendroglia provide support by forming semirigid connective-like tissue rows between neurons in the brain and spinal cord; also called oligodendrocytes  Opponens pollicis: muscle that flexes and opposes the thumb  Opposition  is movement that occurs only with the thumb and is unique to primates  opposition___ is movement that occurs only w the thumb and is unique to primates. tip of thumb and fingers are brought together.  Orbicularis oris: muscle that closes the lips  Origin: the more fixed attachment of a muscle that serves as a basis for the action  OSTEOARTHRITIS ____ occurs with advancing age especially in people in their 70s. It is more common in overweight individuals and affects the weight-bearing joints. how can you maintain it? aka degenerative joint disease exercise  Parasympathetic division part of the autonomic nervous system that operates under normal nonstressful conditions  Pectoralis major: muscle that flexes and adducts the arm

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Respiratory System: 1.Breathing depends on the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. 2.The lungs provide oxygen for muscle cells and eliminate the carbon dioxide waste from cellular respiration.  Resting potential: normal electrical distribution around a muscle cell when it is not contracting  retraction ______ moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground (jaw)  Retraction  (rih-TRACK-shun) is moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground.  rheumatic fever ____ is a disease involving a mild bacterial infection. if undetected in childhood, the bacterium can be carried by the bloodstream to the joints, resulting in possible development of rheumatoid arthritis later on in life.  rheumatoid arthritis ____ is a connective tissue disorder resulting in severe inflammation of small joints. cause? symptoms? -unknown. a genetic factor maybe involved, or autoimmune reaction may be involved in which an immune reaction develops against a person's own tissues - The synovial membranes of the joints and connective tissues grow abnormally to form a layer in the joint capsule. This layer grows into the articulating surfaces of the bones, destroying cartilage and fusing the bones of the joint.  Rhomboids: muscles involved in moving the scapula  rotation act of moving the bone around a central axis; the plane is perpendicular to the axis.  Rotation  (row-TAY-shun) is the act of moving the bone around a central axis; the plane of rotational motion is perpendicular to the axis, as when rotating our head.  Rotators: The muscles rotating an involved limb  Sarcolemma: the electrically polarized muscle cell membrane. In addition, each muscle cell or fiber is multinucleated and is surrounded by a special cell membrane. This cell membrane is electrically polarized and is called a sarcolemma.  Sarcomere: the area between two adjacent Z lines in a muscle cell  Sarcoplasmic reticulum: an irregular curtain around muscle fibrils  Sarcotubular system: membranes of vesicles and tubules that surround muscle fibrils  Sartorius: muscle that flexes the thigh, rotating it laterally  Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the _peripheral__ nervous system  Schwann cells/neurolemmocytes form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system  Semimembranosus: muscle that flexes the leg, extends the thigh  Semitendinosus: muscle that flexes the leg, extends the thigh  Sensory or afferent neuron a neuron in contact with receptors; it detects changes in the external environment; also called afferent neuron  Serotonin hormone secreted by the pineal gland that acts as a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor  Serratus anterior: muscle that moves scapula forward  Skeletal muscle is striated and __ Multinucleated ___.  Skeletal muscles that are not used will: atrophy  Skeletal System: 1.Bones provide attachments for muscles and act as levers to bring about movement. 2.Bones store calcium necessary for muscular contraction.  Small cells that protect the central nervous system by engulfing and destroying microbes and cellular debris are called __microglia_ cells  Smooth muscle contraction occurs without the regular rearrangement of __fibrils___.

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Soleus: muscle that plantar-flexes foot  Somatic nervous system (SNS) is voluntary or involuntary? Voluntary.  Somatic nervous system conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle, causing us to respond or react to changes in our external environment  Spastic and painful contractions of muscles that occur because of an irritation within the muscle are known as cramps  Spinal meninges: a series of connective tissue membranes specifically associated with the spinal cord  Sternocleidomastoid: main muscle that moves the head  subcutaneous ____ bursae are found under the skin wherever the skin is on top of an underlying bony process, like the knee joint. bursae  subfascial ____ bursae are located between the muscles, and found above the fascia of one muscle and below fascia of another. bursae  Superior oblique: muscle that rotates the eyeball on axis  Superior rectus: muscle that rolls the eyeball upward  supination ____ moving bones of forearm so that radius and ulna are parallel. palm face up.  Supination is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel  Supinator: muscle that supinates the forearm  Supraspinatus: muscle that abducts the arm  Surrounding the actin myofilaments are two inhibitor substances: troponin and Tropomyosin  suture____ is an articulation where the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, and have no movement. Suture a synarthroses. ex. skull  Sympathetic division part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations that require energy expenditure  Symphysis ____ are joints where bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage. an amphiarthrosis. ex. pubic symphysis where 2 pelvic bones join. slightly moves during birth.  Synapses areas where the terminal branches of an axon are anchored close to, but not touching, the ends of the dendrites of another neuron  synarthroses are joints or unions between bones that do not allow movement -syn as prefix means? Synarthroses -syn means joined together  Synchondrosis ____ are joints where two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage. cartilage is replaced by bone later in life. an amphiarthroses. ex. joint between epiphyses and diaphysis of bone. aka epiphysial/growth plate. at end of long bones. ex. ribs connect to sternum.  Syndesmosis ____ are types of joints where the bones are connected by ligaments between the bones. these bones move as one when rotated. (ses=plural) a synarthroses.ex. radius+ulna, fibula+tibia (Interroseous membrane)  Synergists: muscles that assist the prime movers  Synovial fluid has two functions: creating a gliding surface and nourishing: articular cartilage  Synovial sac inflammation is called? bursitis  T system or tubules: tubules; part of the sarcotubular system  Tearing of a muscle fiber or tendon is called A strain.  Temporalis: muscle that raises the mandible and closes the mouth  Tensor fascia lata: muscle that tenses fascia lata  Teres minor: muscle that adducts and rotates the arm  The ____ joint is sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint condyloid

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  The neurotransmitter released by axon terminals near muscle cells is _acetylcholine___  The point of contact between two bones is a(n): articulation  The proximal attachment point of a muscle is the Origin.  The rapid, uncontrolled contraction of individual cells in the heart, resulting in the heart's inability to pump blood properly is known as _fibrilation___.  The release of _calcium___ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum inhibits the activity of troponin.  The shrinkage of muscles from disease is called: atrophy  The superior rectus muscle raises the eye, while the ___inferior rectus__ muscle lowers the eye  The superior rectus muscle raises the eye, while the _inferior rectus__ muscle lowers the eye  The three membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord are the: meninges  The three types of ions involved in nerve impulses are __potassium___ (K), __sodium___(Na) and __chloride___ (Cl).  The thumb is the only example of this type of joint. Saddle  The transparent fibrous membrane that forms a tube around and adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain is called the _pia mater__  The type of joint allowing for thumb opposition is a ___ joint. saddle joint  The type of nervous tissue that protects and supports the nerve is called “nerve glue” or _neuroglia__  There are _3___ principal types of muscles.  There are no cross-bridges in the __H___ __zone___.  These two muscles are involved in puckering up to kiss: orbicularis oris & buccinator  This group of muscles is found on the posterior thigh and flexes the knee. Hamstrings  This group of muscles is found on the posterior thigh and flexes the knee. Hamstrings  This muscular injury may vary in severity from localized cellular injury to complete rupture of the muscle belly/tendon. Strain  This occurs when a bone is displaced from its proper position in a joint: dislocation  This portion of the muscle is usually the thickest and contains the most muscle fibers. Muscle belly  This portion of the muscle is usually the thickest and contains the most muscle fibers. Muscle Belly  This structure in a joint provides for shock absorption and low friction movement between the bones. articular cartilage  This structure in a joint provides for shock absorption and low friction movement between the bones. Articular cartlage  This structure in a synovial joint produces synovial fluid for lubrication and nourishment: synovial membrane  Tibialis anterior: muscle that dorsally flexes the foot  Tibialis posterior: muscle that plantar flexes the foot  To expand the ribs while the lungs fill with air, the external and internal __intercostal___ muscles come into play.  Tract a bundle of fibers inside the central nervous system  Transmission of nerve impulses across synapses is brought about by the secretion of very low concentrations of chemicals called __neurotransmitters_ , which move across the gap.  Transversus abdominis: muscle that compresses abdominal contents

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Trapezius: muscle that draws the head to one side and rotates the scapula  Triceps brachii: muscle that extends and adducts the forearm  Tropomyosin: an inhibitor substance found in muscle cells  Troponin: an inhibitor substance found in muscle cells  Two branches of ANS: 1. Sympathetic division 2. Parasympathetic division  Two major divisions of the nervous system: Central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral nervous system (PNS)  Unipolar neurons neurons that have only one process extending from the cell body; most sensory neurons are unipolar  Urinary System: 1.Smooth muscles push urine from the kidneys down the ureters to the bladder. 2.Skeletal muscles control urine elimination. 3.In the loop of Henle in the nephrons of the kidneys, calcium levels are controlled by eliminating any excess or restoring needed calcium to the blood for muscle contraction  Vastus intermedius: muscle that extends the leg and flexes the thigh  Vastus lateralis: muscle that extends the leg and flexes the thigh  Vastus medialis: muscle that extends the leg and flexes the thigh  what are the 3 examples of synarthroses? 1. Sutures 2. Syndesmosis 3. gomphosis  what are the 6 types of diarthroses? 1. ball-and-socket 2. hinge joint 3. pivot joint 4. Condyloid 5. Saddle 6. gliding joint  What are the characteristics of a synovial joint? Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of an articular cavity filled with synovial fluid surrounded by a joint capsule  What are the two main communication systems of the body? Nervous and endocrine systems  What bone of the skull forms the forehead? Frontal  What does potassium have to do with muscle contraction? Muscle cells need potassium to maintain the electrical potential or difference in charge from inside to outside  What is the dense outer covering of a long bone that contains many nerve fibers and is responsible for the pain of a fracture? Periosteum  What is the outermost covering of the shaft of a long bone? Periosteum  What muscle is found on the anterior thigh and is a hip flexor/knee extensor? Rectus Femoris  What muscle is found on the lateral aspect of the shoulder and elevates the arm? Deltoid  What type of muscle do we control voluntarily? Striated  When flexing the elbow, the triceps is the _________ and the biceps is the __________. Antagonist, flexor/prime mover  When lifting a weight, muscles become shorter and thicker. This is __isotonic__ contraction.  When the contraction of a skeletal muscle is studied in the laboratory by applying an electrical charge to the muscle, the analysis of the contraction is called a muscle twitch  Which bone is controlled by the muscles of mastication? Mandible  Which division of the nervous system consists of all the nerves of the body? Peripheral nervous system  Which division of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord? CNS  Which division of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord? Central nervous system  which joints are biaxial? condyloid and saddle  which joints are multiaxial? ball and socket, gliding  which joints are uniaxial? hinge, pivot

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Neurons: Nerve cells.  Nucleus: A mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the central nervous system. (CNS)  Oligodendroglia: Provide support by forming semirigid connective like tissue rows between neurons in the brain and spinal cord.  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles and glands.  Pia Mater: The innermost spinal or cranial meninx.  Reflex: An involuntary reaction to an external stimulus.  Reflex Arc: The pathway that results in a reflex.  Schwann Cells: Form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) also called neurolemmocytes.  Sensory Neuron: A neuron in contact with receptors to detect changes in the external environment; also called an afferent neuron.  Spinal Meninges: A series of connective tissue membranes specifically associated with the spinal cord.  Synapses: Areas where the terminal branches of an axon are anchored close to, but not touching, the ends of dendrites or another neuron.  Tract: A bundle of fibers inside the central nervous system (CNS).  Unipolar Neurons: Neurons that have only one process extending from the cell body; most sensory neurons are unipolar.  White Matter: Groups of myelinated axons from many neurons supported by Neuroglia.  A single long extension of the nerve cell body that transmits the nerve impulse away from the cell body is called an axon. True  The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates digestion, urination, and defecation, and restores or slows down other activities. False. Correct answer is parasympathetic division.  Schwann cells are located only in the: peripheral nervous system (PNS) and make up the neurilemma and myelin sheath.  Bipolar neurons have one dendrite and one axon. T or F: T  The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system uses epinephrine as a neurotransmitter. T or F: T  Numerous mitochondria and neurofibrils are in the axon. T of F: T  The short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron are known as the ? Dendrites  A bundle of nerve fibers located inside the central nervous system is called a(n) ____. Tract  The simplest pathway able to receive a stimulus, enter the central nervous system for immediate interpretation, and produce a response is known as a ____. A reflex arc is a pathway that results in a reflex.  The outermost layer of the meninges is the ____ (the term means "tough mother.") The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges.  The middle layer of the meninges, known as the "spider layer," is called the ____. The arachnoid mater is the middle layer of the meninges.  An involuntary reaction to an external stimulus is known as a(n) reflex  Small cells that protect the central nervous system by engulfing and destroying microbes and cellular debris are called ____. Microglia are small cells that protect the CNS and engulf and destroy microbes and cellular debris.

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Sensory neurons that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord are also known as ____. Afferent nerves convey information from the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord.  Transmission of nerve impulses across the synapses is brought about by the secretions of very low concentrations of the chemicals known as ____. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are secreted in very low concentrations and move across the gap of the synapse.  Motor neurons that convey information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands are called ____. Efferent nerves convey information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.  Nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system are called ____. Nerve cell bodies that are found outside the CNS are generally grouped together to form ganglia.  The three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the spinal cord and brain are the ____. Meninges are a series of connective tissue membranes.  The area where the terminal branches of an axon are close to, but not touching, the ends of the dendrites of another neuron is called a(n) ____. A synapse is an area where the terminal branches of an axon are anchored close to the ends of the dendrites of another neuron.  Neurons that detect stimuli in the environment are known as ____. Receptors are the peripheral nerve endings to sensory nerves that respond to stimuli.  The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ___. The central nervous system is the control center for the whole nervous system.  The part of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle is known as the ____. The somatic nervous system conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal muscle.  A bundle of nerve cells or fibers is known as a(n) ____. nerve  Most brain cells are ____. Neuroglia cells make up most of all brain cells.  The cells that are located only in the peripheral nervous system and make up the neurilemma and myelin sheath are the ____. Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.  The cells that form the lining of the cavities in the brain and spinal cord are the ____. ependymal cells  Neurons that have several dendrites and one axon are known as ____. Multipolar neurons have several dendrites and one axon.  Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow ions to flow freely from extracellular fluids to the axons are known as ____. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath.  Neurons that have one dendrite and one axon are known as __Bipolar neurons have one dendrite and one axon.  Neurons that have only one process extending from the cell body are known as ____. unipolar neurons  Nerve cell bodies that are found outside the central nervous system are generally grouped together to form ____. Nerve cell bodies that are found outside the CNS are generally grouped together to form ganglia.  Areas of gray matter in the spinal cord are called ____. Horns are the areas of gray matter in the spinal cord.  Nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses in the form of electrochemical changes are known as __neurons