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MOLES, PARTICLES LITERS OF GAS AT STP 273.15⁰K (0⁰C or 32⁰F) and 100kPa (1 atmosphere)
1 mole of anything is a “counted” quantity. It is similar to a dozen, but MUCH larger. 1 mole = 6.02 x 10
23
items
1 dozen = 12 items
Counting a dozen items is simple, counting a mole of items is NOT. In chemistry, we use the periodic table to tell us the mass of 1 mole of items. In chemistry we use a balance to weigh the mass of 1 mole of a chemical.
Concept check Why does 1 mole of Phosphorus weigh more than 1 mole of Nitrogen?
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Fill in the blanks
6.02 x 10
23
atoms of Phosphorus = 1mole of Phosphorus = 30.974g of Phosphorus
6.02 x 10
23
atoms of Phosphorus
= 1mole of Phosphorus = 30.974g of Phosphorus
6.02 x 10
23
atoms of Phosphorus = 1mole of Phosphorus
= 30.974g of Phosphorus
6.02 x 10
23
atoms of Oxygen = 1mole of Oxygen = g of Oxygen
atoms of Nitrogen = 1mole of Nitrogen = g of Nitrogen
atoms of Carbon
= 1mole of Carbon = g of Carbon
6.02 x 10
23
atoms of Chlorine = mole of Chlorine = 34.45g of Chlorine
IMPORTANT -1mole of THINGS = 6.02 x 10
23
individual THINGS
1mole of atoms = 6.02 x 10
23
atoms
1 mole of molecules = 6.02 x 10
23 molecules
This is a FIXED conversion factor because it does NOT mater what you count, 1 mole will ALWAYS equal 6.02 x 10
23
particles in exactly the same way that 1 dozen ALWAYS equals 12 particles.
Using particles and moles in calculations -the same process used in dimensional analysis is used in ALL of these calculations.
The conversion factor can be written
1mole of particles OR 6.02 x 10
23
particles
6.02 x 10
23
particles 1mole of particles
You need to look at the units that you start with, then select the correct conversion factor based on cancelling out the starting units and leaving you with the unit that you want.
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Critical thinking question
Are moles conserved? For example if I combine 1 mole of carbon and 1 mole of oxygen do I get one mole or two moles of product?
Hint let’s combine nuts and bolt to make “nut-bolts”
One nut + one bolt combined gives me one nut-bolt
The mass is always conserved, but are the “counts” or number of things conserved? If I had 1 dozen nuts and 1 dozen bolts how many dozen nut bolts can I make?
How many dozen individual pieces did I start with? How many individual pieces did I end up with?
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And so it is with atoms. Think of atoms as nuts and bolts coming together to make
nut-bolts
The balanced equation below shows the combination of carbon and oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
C + O
2
-> CO
2
1 mole + 1mole = 1mole
Thinking about the nut and bolt example above, if I asked you which would weigh more, a dozen bolts or a dozen nuts, you’d most likely say “A dozen bolts will weigh more than a dozen nuts”. If I asked you why, hopefully you’d say, because 1
bolt weighs more than 1 nut. A dozen is a count, NOT a mass. The mass of a dozen
of anything will depend on the mass of the individual items included in that specific dozen items.
Now apply this logic to a mole of items. A mole is also a count NOT a mass. 1 mole
is 6.02 x 10
23
particles. Therefore, you would expect 1 mole of bolts to weigh more
than 1 mole of nuts.
Now apply this logic to atoms or elements in the periodic table.
If I asked you what would weigh more 1 mole of hydrogen or 1 mole of iodine, hopefully you would go to the periodic table and compare the AMU of hydrogen and Iodine. Based on what you see on the periodic table, which will weigh more a mole of Iodine or a mole of hydrogen?
Complete this exercise
1mole of sulfur = ___________________grams
1 mole of bromine = __________________grams
These are VARIABLE conversion factors. Why? Because the MASS of 1 mole depends on the mass of the individual things that make up that 1 mole.
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Variable conversion factor example
1 mole of carbon = 12.01g of carbon
Can be written as
1 mole of carbon
OR 12.01g of carbon
12.01g of carbon 1 mole of carbon
You need to look at the units that you start with, then select the correct conversion factor based on cancelling out the starting units and leaving you with the unit that you want.
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Another FIXED conversion factor 1mole = 22.4L of any gas at STP (STP = 0⁰C and 1 atmosphere)
Complete this table
1mole of oxygen gas = _____________ Liters of oxygen gas at STP
1 mole of Carbon dioxide gas = _____________Liters of carbon dioxide gas at STP
1 mole of nitrogen gas = ______________Liters pf nitrogen gas at STP
1 mole of chlorine gas = ________________Liters of chlorine gas at STP
Why is this a fixed? Because it does NOT matter what gas is used, the conversion factor will always be 1 mole = 22.4L at STP. The volume of a gas is dependent on the NUMBER (the count) of gas particles, not the mass of those gas particles.
This conversion factor can be written as
1mole of gas
OR 22.4L of gas
22.4L of gas 1 mole of gas
SUMMARY
There are two fixed conversion factors that do NOT depend on the mass of the element or compound. No calculation of the conversion factor required!
1 mole of thing = 6.02 x 10
23
particles of thing
1 mole of thing(gas) = 22.4 Liters of thing(gas) This holds true at STP (0C and 1 atm)
There is one variable conversion factor that depends on the mass of the element or compound. This conversion factor MUST be calculated for each thing. You use the AMU on the periodic table to calculate it.
1 mole of thing = the sum of the atomic masses of the thing.
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