Lab 10 REPORT FORM_Sp23

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Purdue University *

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11500

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab 10: What are the Molecular Interactions of Washing? REPORT FORM Answer the following discussion questions. Support your claim using evidence, i.e., experimental data and/or observations that support the claim. Cite specific results or observations. Connect your evidence (data and/or observations) to your claim using reasoning that explains why your evidence supports your claim. Reasoning should be based on a scientific rule, law, principle or definition. Question #0. Insert a photo of your data sheet from lab below.

Question #1. Compare the colors produced by alizarin on the untreated and mordant treated test strips. List the color intensity from most intense to least intense. What is the principal advantage of using a mordant? After dying one the two strips with mordant, it was clear that on all fabrics the mordant created a darker maroon/red color while the fabrics without it were a yellowish shade. The lightest tint was white and was on the fabric with mordant and for the mordant dyed strip it was light pink with dark red stains. In regard to the darkest color it was also on the mordant strip and was a dark red color that was really close to being black. The advantage of using mordant is to help set dyes on fabrics the use of mordant will allow the dyes to set easily and will enrich the colors as the fabrics with the mordant had both the darkest and lightest color.

Question #2. Consider the structures of the different fabrics. What feature stands out as unique in the structure of the fabric that was the easiest to dye? What feature stands out as unique in the structure of the fabric that was hardest to dye? Explain. Question #3. The shampoo we made in this experiment is a solid or "dry" form. What are some advantages of dry shampoo over liquid shampoo? Explain. Question #4. What indicated the completion of the saponification reaction? In other words, what observations did you make that support the completion of the reaction, and indicate you successfully made soap? Explain. Question #5. Compare the pH of solid shampoo and soap. Explain the difference in pH based on the reagents used to prepare each surfactant. Why are the pHs of soap and shampoo different? Explain. After looking at the different fabrics I noticed that fabrics with thicker and openly woven fabric such as wool, nylon, and silk absorbed much more dye than other fabrics. On the other hand, fabrics such as polyester and cotton which were densely woven absorbed less dye then a open weave. It was actually very interested to see the different advantages between dry over liquid shampoo, so I spent a while researching this topic. I found out that dry shampoo is based of starch and is used to absorb dirt from your hair without having to use any water. Using dry shampoo has several benefits such as not having to wash your hair several times with water as that is not the best for your hair. Another advantage is that you wouldn’t use a blow dryer or another form of hair dryer which aren’t good for you. Dry shampoo also adds volume to your hair, easy to use when traveling, and extends your fresh look. Dry shampoo does have advantages but should not replace liquid shampoo as it can cause dandruff and excessive use can have negative effects. Sources: https://skinkraft.com/blogs/articles/dry-shampoo Saponification is the process where a chemical reaction happens to produce soap. The reaction is between fatty acid and alcohol. The saponification was completed after adding NaOH, vegetable oil, in the beaker. After stirring them two layers were formed the oil staying at the top while the bottom looked soapy and had a cream color. The saponification was completed after the solution was heated and the NaOH, oil, and ethanol mixed together to produce a homogenous solution that was transparent with a light-yellow color. pH is a way to test the levels of acidity and we got different levels of pH for our two solutions. The pH level of the soap was around 10 and 11 while the pH of the shampoo was around 6. We used different reagents to prepare each for soap we used sodium chloride, ethanol, and sodium hydroxide. The first two are neutral while sodium hydroxide has a high pH level. For the shampoo we used a glycerin, ethanol, and sodium stearate with only sodium stearate having a pH level of around 10, which is why the soap had higher pH

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Question #6. According to your observations, were any of the surfactants (dishwashing liquid, shampoo, soap) a better emulsifier? Explain. Question #7. Were there differences between the interaction of soap and shampoo with the salt solutions? Explain. Question #8. Look at the ingredients of your favorite shampoo and soap. Are any of the ingredients you used in this lab listed in the ingredients? Take a picture of the labels and circle the ingredients you find. Based on our observations the best emulsifier was dishwashing soap. A emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion. The dish soap was the best because after we added oil to it, it separated into three parts. The bottom part had a light color and was mostly clear while the top had bubbles and the middle layer had most of the oil. The two bottom layers were somewhat connected and in general dishwashing soap is an effective emulsifier as its main design is to break down and remove grease from surfaces. Yes, there were some differences between the interactions of soap and shampoo with the salt solutions. When Fe2+ was mixed with the soap solution there were many yellowish particles and made the solution “cloudy.” However, when Fw2+ was added to the shampoo the solution looked similar with the only noticeable difference being that it had bubbles on top. When we mixed the soap with Ca2+ it was opaque and cloudy and had some bubbles at the top. When mixing the shampoo with the Ca2+ it looked thick but had no bubbles. Too small to circle so I wrote them down: - Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) - Sodium chloride - Sodium hydroxide