Lab 9 REPORT FORM_Sp23

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Purdue University *

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11500

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab 9: What are Synthetic and Biological Polymers? REPORT FORM Answer the following discussion questions. Support your claim using evidence, i.e., experimental data and/or observations that support the claim. Cite specific results or observations. Connect your evidence (data and/or observations) to your claim using reasoning that explains why your evidence supports your claim. Reasoning should be based on a scientific rule, law, principle or definition. Question #0. Insert a photo of your data sheet from lab below.
Question #1. How do the physical properties (strength, flexibility, and viscosity) of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) change as a result of the addition of sodium borate? Question #2. How do you think the physical properties (strength, flexibility, and viscosity) of the polymer would change if more borate ion had been added? Why do you think that? Question #3. How do you think the physical properties (strength, flexibility, and viscosity) of the polymer would change if less borate ion had been added? Why do you think that? Question #4. How did the physical investigations (suspending, pulling slowly, pulling quickly, dropping, resting) impact the polymer? At the chemical structure level, what could have led to these observations? (Hint: How do the cross links behave under stress? What are the properties of a cross linked polymer vs a linear polymer?) After sodium borate was added to PVA it quickly formed into a gooey like material and was very flexible. It also warmed up when the borate was added. When playing with it we saw that when we stretched it slowly it didn’t break but whenever we did it with more strength and rapidly it broke apart and it was also bouncy. I think if we added more borate then it would strengthen, and the viscosity would increase more but after that a certain amount of borate it won’t because there would not be any PVA to cross link it too. If less borate ion was added, then less of it would cross-link with the PVA causing it to be weaker and more flexible. The reason this would happen is that there would be a large amount of PVA which was not cross linked. When we suspended it, it took a while for it to being dropping, however when I formed it into a ball and left it on a table it took the shape of the table and flattened itself out. When we pulled on it quickly it broke apart but if when we did it slowly it stretched. Under stress the polymer would break apart. Linear polymer and cross-linked polymers have different properties. Cross linked polymers are joined together by a series of covalent bonds and resemble a ladder while linear polymers are weaker and are connected to each looking like a necklace.
Question #5. How did the addition of acid and base impact the polymer? At the chemical structure level, what could have led to these observations? (Hint: Which molecule makes linkages with PVA? What molecule is present in greater quantities in an acidic solution? What molecule is present in greater quantities in a basic solution?) You can include chemical structures to make your point. Note: The following reactions occur between the borate ion/boric acid and acid/base: B ( OH ) 4 ¿ + H + ¿ → B ( OH ) 3 + H 2 O ¿ ¿ B ( OH ) 3 + O H ¿ → B ( OH ) 4 ¿¿ ¿ Question #6. In the process of nylon preparation, NaOH was added to the reaction mixture even though it does not appear in the equation for the preparation of nylon. What function does the NaOH have in the process? (Hint: Consider all the products of the nylon reaction.) Answer in complete sentences and, optionally, include a chemical equation. Question #7. How many repeat units are required to make a nylon polymer with a formula weight of 15,000 amu? Show your work, including units, for both the molar mass of the repeat unit and the number of repeat units. (As shown in the introduction, one repeat unit consists of the condensation product of one adipoyl chloride molecule and one diaminohexane molecule.) The addition of acid and base impacted the polymer and enabled it to form bonds with the hydrogen, as the solution got more -OH groups. In a acidic solution the concentration of hydrogen ions is higher would form boric acid which would prevent the crosslinking reation with the PVA. In basic solution hydroxide ions are higher which which would then assist the crosslinking reaction with the PVA. The reason why NaOH was added to the reaction mixture so that it could make sure the reaction proceeds and to neutralize the acid, HCI.
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Question #8. Why is it easy to isolate DNA from strawberries? Why is it harder to extract human DNA? Explain. Provide an appropriate reference to any source(s) (i.e. website) you consult. Question #9. When you look at the structure of DNA, what are the reasons DNA can be collected at the interface of both solutions? Draw a picture if that helps you explain your answer. Question #10. What evidence does the Dische test provide that helps confirm that DNA was extracted from the strawberries. Insert a picture of your Dische test below. According to the evidence, was your DNA extraction successful? The reason why it is easier to isolate DNA from strawberries is that it had a relatively large DNA content which means that it makes it much easier then extracting a DNA sample from humans. I also found out that “strawberries are octoploids which means that they have eight duplicate copies of each chromosome.” Sources: https://www.childrensmuseum.org/blog/real-science-strawberry-dna- extraction#:~:text=Strawberries%20are%20octoploid%2C%20meaning%20that,visible %20to%20the%20naked%20eye . DNA can be collected at the interface of both solutions because we added iced 2-propanol to the homogenate. When we added the iced 2-propanol, there was a precipitation of DNA at the alcohol- homogenate interface as the presence of polar phosphate groups and nonpolar nitrogenous bases. Those two renders it insoluble. Additionally, thanks to the low density of DNA, it can precipitate. The dische test provides information on whether the DNA was extracted. If a DNA sample is present, then a solution will turn blue. Yes, our DNA extraction was successful considering that the tube with the DNA sample turned dark blue. - We weren’t told to take a picture of our Dische test, so I don’t have one.