Act B4- Lab Report- Emely Ramirez

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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Ramirez, Emely Tung Nguyen Last Name, First Name Lab Instructor 11/1 Tuesday 2:30 Date Lab Day Lab Start Time Act B4 Properties and Relationships of Gases Lab Report PART I: The Relationship between Temperature and Volume in an Ideal Gas Simulation Using the Phet Gas Properties simulation, you collected data to explore the relationship between temperature and volume in an ideal gas. You moved the slider to change its temperature. 1. Two variables are held constant in this experiment. Identify them. Briefly explain how you know that these are the controlled variables. Variable 1: Pressure Variable 2: Number of moles (Gas particles) 4. Use the Act B4 Class Data File for Part I to construct a scatterplot with the Temperature (K) as the independent variable and Volume-Width (nm) as the dependent variable. Paste your Excel graph below.
5. Which term best describes the relationship between temperature and volume of an ideal gas, direct, inverse, constant or independent? Briefly explain how the data indicates the term you selected. The term that best describes the relationship between temperature and the volume of an ideal gas would be a direct relationship because within this graph both variables are seen to have a relationship where both variables are either to increase or both decrease together (not shown on graph). As seen according to the graph, if the temperature increases then so will the volume -width (nm) of the ideal gas, vice versa. 6. Identify the gas law that corresponds to these data. The gas law that best defines and corresponds to these data would be Charles Law which is PV=k. Therefore this specific law would state that if the pressure of a gas is held at a constant, then the temperature and the volume will be in direct relationship like also shown above within the graph data. 7. Use your graph to predict the volume- width (nm) that the gas will occupy if the temperature is 100 K. You may indicate your prediction on the graph or show a calculation. In this case our x value will be the 100K in order to predict for the volume- width (nm) that the gas will occupy at that temperature. y= 0.0287x+1.5324 y= 0.0287(100K) + 1.5324 y= 4.4024 nm PART II : The Relationship between Pressure and Volume in an Ideal Gas Simulation Using the Phet Gas Properties simulation, you collected data to explore the relationship between volume and pressure in an ideal gas. You moved the handle on the container of gas to change its volume. 8. Two variables are held constant in this experiment. Identify them. Briefly explain how you know that these are the controlled variables. Variable 1: Temperature Variable 2: Number of Gas Particles (moles) 9. Construct a scatterplot for all the data in Act B4 Part II with Volume-Width(nm) as the independent variable and Pressure in atm as the dependent variable. Paste your Excel graph below.
10. Use the graph to describe how the pressure changes if the volume-width (nm) increases or decreases. Is the plot linear? The way that the graph can be described would be by stating that when the pressure decreases the volume- width (nm) will increase. According to the data this relationship will technically be an inverse relationship where one of the variables increases and the other variable decreases, vice versa. In this case our graph does not show the plot to be linear , rather it has more of an exponential type of displayed data within the graph. 11. Construct a scatterplot for all the data in Act B4 Part II with the reciprocal of Volume-Width (nm) or 1/Volume-Width(nm) as the independent variable and Pressure in atm as the dependent variable. Paste your Excel graph below.
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12. Does the graph indicate a linear relationship? If so, use the trendline function in Excel to determine the equation of the trendline. The graph does demonstrate a linear relationship according to the graphed data, as well as also inserted the trendline and the equation that corresponds. The equation of the trendline is y=58.081x+0.0558. PART III : The Relationship between Mass and Volume in an Ideal Gas 13. Number of complete data sets collected for Part III: 165 14. Provide the value for the smallest and the largest experimental volume of gas collected within that range of mass. Calculate the average volume of gas collected within each mass range. Table 1. Experimental Volume of Gas, V Expt, as a function of mass of Mg Range in Mass of Mg (±0.0001 g) Number of Observations Smallest Experimental Volume of Gas (±0.05 mL) Largest Experimental Volume of Gas (±0.05 mL) Average Experimental Volume of Gas (±0.05 mL) 0.0040 – 0.0080 42 3.80 8.21 6.47 0.0081 – 0.0120 55 7.70 13.05 10.30 0.0121 – 0.0160 34 12.06 17.20 14.28 0.0161 – 0.0200 31 15.80 20.70 17.90 15. Use a graphing program ( e.g ., Excel) to plot the complete set of data from Part III. Plot the dependent variable (y-axis) versus the independent variable (x-axis) using the complete data set. Attach this graph to your lab report. Be sure to properly label your graph.
16. For one of your samples of magnesium, use the balanced chemical equation to convert the mass of magnesium to the number of moles of hydrogen gas evolved, n H2 . Use the ideal gas law to convert n H2 to the volume of hydrogen gas produced, V Ideal Assume that the temperature of the gas inside the buret is equal to room temperature (T gas = T room ) and the pressure of the gas inside the buret is equal to atmospheric pressure in the room (P gas = P atm ). Show your work. * Assuming that the temperature of the gas inside the buret is equal to the atmospheric temperature and the pressure is also the same in both . My sample of Mg = 0.0132 g is 0.00055 moles of hydrogen gas Mg + 2 HCl MgCl 2 + H 2 PV=nRT (1 atm) V= (0.00055mols)(0.082055 (L*atm)/(mol*K))(293.15K) Volume of the hydrogen gas : 13.23 mL 17. Compare the relative difference of the experimental volume of gas, V Expt , to the theoretical volume of gas, V Ideal , predicted by the Ideal Gas law for your sample of magnesium. Select the statement that applies to this sample. V Expt > V Ideal V Expt < V Ideal V Expt = V Ideal (within ±0.05 mL) You can further describe the data collected in Part III by determining the number of observations ( i.e. , rows of data) in which V Expt was different from V Ideal to within 0.05 mL. 18. Complete the following table to analyze the complete set of data collected in Part III; determine both the number of observations and percent of observations for each value of the variable.
Table 2. Comparison of Volumes of Gas, V Expt and V Ideal , in Part III Data Variable: Comparison of V Expt to V Ideal Number of Observations Percent of Observations V Expt > V Ideal 94 58 V Expt < V Ideal 57 35.2 V Expt = V Ideal (within ±0.05 mL) 11 6.8 19. Based on the class data, is V Expt consistently different from the predicted value, V Ideal ? Describe the pattern in the data. V Expt is different from the predicted value of the ideal volume ( V Ideal ) because according to our data and the table it is shown that the experimental volume being greater than the ideal volume was seen to have a higher percentage of observations compared to the rest of the variable comparisons. The pattern being that there was way more of the experimental volume to be greater throughout the data. 20. For the following potential sources of error in the methods used in Part III, determine how the error would impact V Expt ( i.e., values would be too large, too small, or not changed). Errors in V Expt : Error #1: IF the gas inside the buret was not cooled to room temperature before measuring volume THEN T gas > T room AND the impact on data: V Expt would be too large too small not changed Error #2 The buret is positioned in the beaker of water such that the water level inside of the buret is equal to the water level in the beaker because P g >P atm P g =P atm P g <P atm IF the buret is NOT positioned such that the water level inside of the buret is equal to the water level in the beaker, THEN the impact on data is that V Expt measured is: only too large only too small either too large or too small Error #3: The gas inside the buret consisted of water gas, H 2 O, and hydrogen gas, H 2 , not just H 2 . IF P H2 = P atm - P H2O , The actual value of P H2 ☐is less than or ☐is greater than Patm. V Expt would be: larger smaller not changed 21. The pattern in the outlier data have values for V Expt which are consistently:
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too large too small there is no pattern 22. Which of the errors described above is important in terms of explaining why V Expt is different from V Ideal ? Error #1 Error #2 Error #3 23. Which of the errors described above is least important in terms of explaining why V Expt is different from V Ideal ? Error #1 Error #2 Error #3