Review_CH_1

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Review CH 1 1. How did the idea of spontaneous generation come about? People came to believe that living organisms arise from nonliving matter because they would see flies coming out of manure, maggots coming out of dead animals, and microorganisms appearing in liquids after a day or two. 2. Briefly state the role microorganisms play in each of the following: biological control of pests certain microorganisms cause disease in insects. Microorganisms that kill insects can be effective biological agents because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment. recycling of elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are required for all living organisms. Microorganisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms. Many bacteria decompose material and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which plants use. Some bacteria can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into a form that plants other microorganisms can use. normal microbiota Normal microbiota is found in and on our bodies. It is more often beneficial. They do not usually cause disease. sewage treatment Organic matter in sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate, and other inorganic compounds in a wastewater treatment plant. human insulin production recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production into bacteria. These bacteria can produce human insulin inexpensively. vaccine production microorganism can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be genetically modified to produce components of vaccines. Biofilms Biofilms are aggregate bacteria adhering to each other and to a solid surface. 3. Into which field of microbiology would the following scientists best fit?
4. Match the microorganisms in column A to their descriptions in column B. 5. Match the people in column A to their contribution toward the advancement of microbiology, in column B.
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6. It is possible to purchase the following microorganisms in a retail store. Provide a reason for buying each. Bacillus thuringiensis bacillus thuringiensis is sold as a biological insecticide. saccharomyces is the yeast sold for making bread, wine, and beer Saccharomyces saccharomyces is the yeast sold for making bread, wine, and beer. 7. NAME IT What type of microorganism has a peptidoglycan cell wall, has DNA that is not contained in a nucleus, and has flagella? Bacteria
8. DRAW IT Show where airborne microbes ended up in Pasteur’s experiment. Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following is a scientific name? a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis b) Tubercle bacillus 2) Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria? a) are prokaryotic b) have peptidoglycan cell walls c) have the same shape
d) grow by binary fission e) have the ability to move 3) Which of the following is the most important element of Koch’s germ theory of disease? The animal shows disease symptoms when a) the animal has been in contact with a sick animal. b) the animal has a lowered resistance. c) a microorganism is observed in the animal. d) a microorganism is inoculated into the animal. e) Microorganisms can be cultured from the animal. 4) Recombinant DNA is a) DNA in bacteria. b) the study of how genes work. c) the DNA resulting when genes of two different organisms are mixed. d) the use of bacteria in the production of foods. e) the production of proteins by genes. 5.) Which of the following statements is the best definition of biogenesis a) Nonliving matter gives rise to living organisms. b) Living cells can only arise from preexisting cells. c) A vital force is necessary for life. d) Air is necessary for living organisms. e) Microorganisms can be generated from nonliving matter. 6.) Which of the following is a beneficial activity of microorganisms? a) Some microorganisms are used as food for humans. b) Some microorganisms use carbon dioxide. c) Some microorganisms provide nitrogen for plant growth. d) Some microorganisms are used in sewage treatment processes. e) all of the above
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7.) It has been said that bacteria are essential for the existence of life on Earth. Which of the following is the essential function performed by bacteria? a) control insect populations b) directly provide food for humans c) decompose organic material and recycle elements d) cause disease e) produce human hormones such as insulin 8.) Which of the following is an example of bioremediation? a) application of oil-degrading bacteria to an oil spill b) application of bacteria to a crop to prevent frost damage c) fixation of gaseous nitrogen into usable nitrogen d) production by bacteria of a human protein such as interferon e) all of the above 9.) Spallanzani’s conclusion about spontaneous generation was challenged because Antoine Lavoisier had just shown that oxygen was the vital component of air. Which of the following statements is true? a) All life requires air. b) Only disease-causing organisms require air. c) Some microbes do not require air. d) Pasteur kept air out of his biogenesis experiments. e) Lavoisier was mistaken. 10.) Which of the following statements about E. coli is false ? a. E. coli was the first disease-causing bacterium identified by Koch. b. E. coli is part of the normal microbiome of humans. c. E. coli is beneficial in human intestines. d. E. coli gets nutrients from intestinal contents. e. None of the above; all the statements are true. Analysis 1. How did the theory of biogenesis lead the way for the germ theory of disease?
People had originally thought that diseases were punishment for someone's crimes because they believed that living things could just spontaneously pop up. When Pasteur showed that the living cells can only come from another living cell. This made the germ theory of disease possible because diseases do come from microorganisms. 2. Even though the germ theory of disease was not demonstrated until 1876, why did Semmelweis (1840) and Lister (1867) argue for the use of aseptic techniques? They could see how dirty they were and when they didn’t disinfect their hands after each patient they thought that they might be transmitting infections from one patient to another. They both wanted to have healthier staff for their patients. 3. The genus name of a bacterium is “erwinia,” and the specific epithet is “amylovora.” Write the scientific name of this organism correctly. Using this name as an example, explain how scientific names are chosen. Erwinia is the correct way. Scientific names can be derived from the names of scientists. In this case Erwinia is derived from Erwin F. Smith, an American plant pathologist. Scientific names also can describe the organism, its habitat, or its niche. 4. Find at least three supermarket products made by microorganisms. ( Hint: The label will state the scientific name of the organism or include the word culture , fermented , or brewed .) Yogurt, beer, and cheese 5. In the 1960s, many physicians and the public believed that infectious diseases were retreating and would be fully conquered. Discuss why this didn’t happen. Is it possible? Infectious diseases were/are not fully conquered due to mutation that bacteria’s goes through. Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics available, making it very hard to completely eradicate diseases. Some disease got really close to become eradicated, such as Polio and Measles but this hasn't been possible due to some people not being vaccinated. Exception: Smallpox is the only diseases that has been completely eradicated, thanks to vaccination Clinical Applications and Evaluation
1) The prevalence of arthritis in the United States is 1 in 100,000 children. However, 1 in 10 children in Lyme, Connecticut, developed arthritis between June and September 1973. Allen Steere, a rheumatologist at Yale University, investigated the cases in Lyme and found that 25% of the patients remembered having a skin rash during their arthritic episode and that the disease was treatable with penicillin. Steere concluded that this was a new infectious disease and did not have an environmental, genetic, or immunologic cause. a) What was the factor that caused Steere to reach his conclusion? i) Since Arthritis among children is very unlikely, it was safe to say the Arthritis symptoms were due to something else, which was the actual problem that this population was encountering. Steere detected that it was an infectious diseases based on all the symptoms combined and how the patients were responding to antibiotics, which is usually not used to treat Arthritis. b) What is the disease? i) So Arthritis end up being a symptom for the real problem, which is Lyme diseases (hence the name of the city where the episode took place). (1) Diseases: Lyme (2) Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi c) Why was the disease more prevalent between June and September? i) It was prevalent during summer time, June to September where people spent more time outdoors and in contact with mosquitos and bugs. The hot and humid weather makes mosquitos and bug that can possible transmits disease thrive in this environment. ii) There is also to do with the life cycle of the tick that transmit Lyme disease, this is the time where they are more active and can bite people. 2) In 1864, Lister observed that patients recovered completely from simple fractures but that compound fractures had “disastrous consequences.” He knew that the application of phenol (carbolic acid) to fields in the town of Carlisle prevented cattle disease. Lister treated compound fractures with phenol, and his patients recovered without complications. How was Lister influenced by Pasteur’s work? Why was Koch’s work still needed? a) Lister knew based on Pasteur's work that organisms in the air can cause diseases. b) Koch's for was needed because it proved once and for all that airborne bacteria can cause diseases. 3) Discuss whether antibacterial soaps and detergents should be used in the home. a) It is better NOT to use antibacterial soaps at home. The best practice is to use normal soap and wash hands well for 20 seconds. b) It is important to keep the normal microbiota in the skin which protects against harmful pathogens and the antibacterial soap will kill the "good" bacteria too.
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c) Also, because by killing all the bacteria in the skin, there is a higher chance to create bacteria resistant to antibiotics. (E.g.: MRSA-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.)

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