REPORT 1 - Density

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University of Houston *

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1332

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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Density VIDEO LINKS: Lab Experiments (Write protocols and perform experiments based on these): 1. Weighing 2. Measuring Volume 3. Making Sugar Solutions 4. Determining Density 5. Layering Solutions Data analysis and calculations (Use these if you need help with your data and calculations) 1. Measurements 2. Significant figures The prelab must include Experimental Protocol, Chemical Table and Equipment Table. The lab report requires all sections (including prelab sections) to be completed in one document. Experimental Protocol (Analysis) Watch the experiment videos. Take notes on the protocol. Stop the video and re-watch as necessary to acquire the details of the procedure. Write out the protocol for each part of the experiment. (It can be written in sequential steps. Complete sentences are not necessary.) This is the protocol you will follow, so be detailed. Have a filled 50ml beaker with warm water. Then we will begin by measuring out the sugar in each of our four containers 1. Grab the scale and place the beaker and tare to 0.00g. 2. Add sugar to the beaker until it reads 2.0g of sugar. Once it has reached 2.0g of sugar label. 3. Repeat the process to the second beaker. Add 4.00g of sugar into the second beaker. Label after and set aside. 4. On the third repeat until it has 6.00g of sugar. Label and set to the side. 5. On the fourth repeat until it has 8.00g of sugar. Label and set to the side. After the four beaker is set aside, turn of the scale, and set aside. Now we will measure the water that will go into the beakers labeled with sugar. We will add 10ml of water into each cup using a graduated cylinder. 1. Add 10ml of water into the cylinder and read that it is 10ml of water. Once it is confirmed add it to one of the beakers with sugar. 2. Repeat into every other beaker with sugar. Set aside the water and graduate cylinder. Make sure the sugar is completely dissolved in the water. After completely dissolved, add one drop of different food coloring into each individual beaker with sugar in it. Cup with 2g blue- Cup with 4g green- Cup with 6g yellow- Cup with 8g red. Make sure they are mixed well. Now we will determine the density of the sugar water. Density is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, and/or curated by Dr. Eszter Trufan and Dr. Elene Bouhoutsos-Brown to the style and standards of the Experimentium platform.

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 2 We will start by measuring the mass of the sugar mixtures. We will turn on the scale and when it shows 0.00 place the graduated cylinder on top. Once its on top stare it. Now add only water, aim between3-5ml. On the video it was 3.06g, now measure the volume. It was 3.08ml. Now we will add about 5-7ml more of water. Once added read the grams and volumes. On the video it was a mass of 6.11g and a volume of 6.10ml. For the third Measurement add more water, aim between 9 to 10ml. . On the video the third result had a mass of 9.15g and a volume of 9.12ml. Now we have the density for water. The results will be similar. Now we will discard it and move on. We will clear and wash the graduate cylinder. Now we will repeat the same steps for each color solution. Before moving on from one color to the next we will wash and dry the graduate cylinder before moving on. Dispense the water onto a waste or sink. We will now layer our solutions. We will need to place the Erlenmeyer flask to hold the test tube. In the test tube we will add our solutions. We need to add the solutions slowly. Use a clean pipette to add the densest solution first into the test tube. We will continue to keep adding the same solution until it is at least a finger width high. Once complete wash out the solution with water by pulling water with the pipette and rinsing it. Do these 2 or 3 times. . The same process will be done using the other solutions from denser to less dense according to our previous analysis. (which we haven’t done yet). When adding the new layer do it at eye level and very slowly. Clean pipette each time before moving on to the next solution. Chemical Table (Representation) Prepare your chemical table including the materials you will use in the experiment. Here is a general template that you may use. Chemical Name Chemical Formula Molar Mass (g/mol) Hazards reference PPE Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.5 Skin irritation https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/21105.htm goggles apron gloves Food coloring Blue:C37H 34N2NaO9 S3 Green C37H34N2 Na2O10S3 Yellow C16H9N4N a3O9S2 534.4 No hazard Sweet Colors: Food Coloring and Dyes - Chemical Safety Facts goggles apron gloves

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 3 Red No. 3: C20H6I4Na 2O5 Sucrose (sugar) C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O ₁₁ No hazard Sucrose | C12H22O11 | CID 5988 - PubChem (nih.gov) goggles apron water H ₂ O 10.015 No hazard Water | H2O | CID 962 - PubChem (nih.gov) goggles apron gloves

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CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 4 Equipment Table (Analysis) Identify the equipment (type AND size) needed for the experiment and include the name and an image of each. Be sure to describe the equipment, how to use it, and why it is suitable for this use. Equipment Name Equipment Picture Intended Purpose Balance Scale Used to calculate the weight of desired item usually small. In this experiment we will us it to measure grams. Beaker 50ml Used to measure the amount of liquid. In this lab it will be used to hold our solutions. For the experiment a 50ml beaker. Graduated Cylinder 10 ml The tool is used to hold substances and solutions while providing measurements up to 10 mL. The graduated Cylinder allows us to see how much liquid there is. Pasteur pipette Used to transport liquids without spilling. We will use it to transport the solutions into the graduate cylinder to calculate the density.

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 5 Spatula Used to transfer material or place elsewhere. In this experiment to transfer sugar. Erlenmeyer Flask 50ml A type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. The Erlenmeyer will be used to hold our test tube. It is a good tool to hold the test tube since it is clear, and we can see through it. Test Tube 10ml The test tubes are used to hold substances needed in labs. In this experiment it will allow us to layer our solutions. Data Collection We followed each protocol and steps as described and demonstrated to successfully complete our lab. As we completed each step, we wrote our data. We were successfully able to complete our lab and back up our results through the data. The density of each sample increased according to the amount of sucrose added. The samples were distinguished through food coloring which chanced the sample’s color.

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 6 With our data collection we completed as we were conducting the lab, confirmed how the density was impacted by the sucrose mixed in our samples. The food coloring allowed us to distinguish the samples accorindg to their mass and sucrose mixed. We layered our samples one at a time, nicely and steadily. Beginning with the heavier samples, working our way through the less dense samples.

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CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 7 Our Assumptions were accurate and was confirmed through our data analysis. Data Processing 1. (Manipulation) Calculate the density of each sugar water solution.  D = Mass / Volume Sample/ Solution Water In mL Sucrose In Grams Mass In Grams Volume In mL Avg Density Blue 10 2 4.46 6.52 10.55 4.1 6.0 9.8 1.09 Green 9.9 4 4.5 6.57 10.77 4.2 6.0 9.8 1.09 Yellow 10 6 4.5 6.83 11.38 4.0 6.0 9.8 1.14 Red 10 8 4.6 7.9 11.68 4.0 6.0 9.8 1.17 To get this date completed, we took the average of 3 different densities or each sample. This will give a better confirmation of the density increasing. Having a correct mass reading is very important in this lab. To get perfect readings of mass, we had to make sure to stare when getting the mass at any point.

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 8 2. (Assumptions and Analysis) Fill in the following table using the observations and data from your experiments. Assumptions made Testing the assumption If assumptions are wrong ... The distilled water is pure Evaporate it and check for residue The density would change depending on the density of the contaminant The 2 drops of food coloring don’t change the density Check density of the solution before and after the addition of the food coloring If the assumption is wrong, then we cant complete our lab since our samples are not valid. The layering wont occur properly. All the sugar that is added to the water dissolves The sugar will impact the layering and the density of each sample. The solutions will have a lower density

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 9 Discussion Write a minimum one-page (12 font, single spaced) discussion on the experiment conducted this week. Address at least one question in each category as fully as possible integrating the collected data, providing explanations for the observed trends, and evaluating whether your original assumptions about the experiment were validated by the results. The assignment will be graded on completeness, clarity of the explanations and the meaningful integration of the collected and calculated data. Correct grammar and appropriate format for the chemical formulae and chemical reactions is expected. You may use the outline included at the end of this document on how to build your essay to address each category. 1. (Representation) Describe the components needed to correctly express a measurement using your recorded masses and volumes. 2. (Analysis) Identify the number of significant figures in all your recorded measurements. Describe what process you used to decide how many numbers were appropriate. 3. (Existing knowledge, research, and views) Classify mass, volume and density as intensive or extensive properties. Provide justification for your selections. 4. (Design process) Warm water was used to make the sugar water solutions. Provide at least one argument for why warm water is preferred for making the solutions. 5. (Design process ) A drop of food coloring was added to each solution. Provide an explanation for why this was necessary and suggest an alternative for the use of the food coloring. 6. (Manipulation) Describe how you calculated the density of the solutions. Use one of your calculations to demonstrate the process. 7. (Analysis) How many significant figures will your calculated density have? Explain how you arrived at your conclusion. 8. (Analysis) Consider the components of your solutions, then evaluate which of those components will contribute meaningfully to the density of the solution. Use your experiment and calculated values as supporting evidence. 9. (Analysis) Compare the density values calculated using the three separate measurements for each solution. Provide an explanation for the observed differences and/or similarities. 10. (Analysis) Compare your density values to the values obtained by your team members. Provide an explanation for the observed differences and/or similarities. 11. (Experiment design ) When layering the solutions, a clean and dry pipette was required to manipulate extract each layer. Provide at least one justification for this requirement. 12. (Experiment design) The solutions were layered starting with the densest solution on the bottom. Provide a strong argument why this order was required. 13. (Assumptions and limitations ) Consider what would happen if you layered the solutions in a different order. Provide a brief description of what you predicted or observed and use your knowledge of density to support your prediction/observation. 14. (Experiment design) Propose another experiment using chemicals from your home that will result in the creation of a density column. You may carry out the experiment and submit the picture for bonus points.

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CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 10 Recommended discussion outline: The properties of matter that we studied in this experiment are … and can be classified as ... In this experiment, we were able to represent how density works. Using water and Sucrose (sugar) we tested how desity places a factor. An alternate experiment that would result in a similar outcome would be …. When calculating density, we use … and we perform the following calculation …. The density values for the solutions are …. In this experiment we assumed .... The purpose of the experiment was … By performing this experiment, I learned ...