Post-lab Acids and Bases (1212K)

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Feb 20, 2024

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Acids and Bases in Water: Reactions and Equilibrium 17 February 2023 CHEM 1212K Laboratory Abstract This experiment's objectives are to calculate pKa values and investigate the trend of % deprotonation at various beginning acid concentrations using equilibrium and acid/base chemistry concepts. The lab primarily examines the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, which compares acids and bases according to how likely they are to take or give protons. Although the theoretical value of acetic acid is 4.76, the actual value was determined to be 4.40. The unknown acid was identified as ascorbic acid based on the calculated pKa value in part B of the experiment, which also revealed an inverse connection between starting acid concentration and % deprotonation (as concentration declines, deprotonation rises). In part C of the lab, the pH of salt solutions was measured in order to identify whether they were basic or acidic. It was discovered that the solution of the measured salt, ammonium chloride, was slightly acidic. Because acetic acid was discovered to transfer protons to water to produce the hydronium ion, which resulted in a low pH and a lower pKa, the laboratory's findings provide evidence in favor of the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. The salt solutions in part C of the experiment followed the predicted pH levels based on theories of conjugate acids and bases, further supporting the idea. The Bronsted-Lowry hypothesis is supported, for instance, by the observation that in the ammonium chloride solution, the ion with the weakest conjugate base is the one that interacts with water.
Data and Results Initial Acid Concentration (M) pH [H 3 O + ] (M) p K a Solution Measured (Mark with "X") 0.050 3.24 0.0006 5.18 X 0.10 2.91 0.0012 4.82 0.20 1.57 0.0269 2.378 0.30 2.67 0.0021 4.82 0.40 2.23 0.0059 4.06 0.45 3.75 0.0002 4.13 Mean p K a 4.11 St. Dev. p K a 1.01 Table 1. Dependence of pH and acidity constant on total concentration of acetic acid. Initial Acid Concentration (M) pH Percent Deprotonation (%) 0.100 2.5 3.16 0.0100 3.12 7.59 0.00100 3.64 22.91 Table 2. Dependence of pH and percent deprotonation on total concentration of an unknown acid. Unknown Letter Identity of Unknown p K a (based on 0.100 M solution) A ascorbic acid 4.00 Table 3. Identity and acidity constant of an unknown acid.
Figure 1. Percent deprotonation as a function of total concentration for an unknown weak acid. Salt Initial Molarity (M) pH Active Ion Solution Measured (Mark with "X") NH 4 Cl 0.100 3.9 NH4+ X (NC 5 H 6 )Cl 0.100 3.09 NC5H6+ NaC 2 H 3 O 2 .3H 2 O 0.100 8.51 C3H3O2- NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O 0.100 4.51 Na+ Na 2 HPO4.7H 2 O 0.100 10.43 HPO4^2- Na 2 CO 3 0.100 11.23 CO3^2- Salt pK a p K b NH 4 Cl 6.80 7.20 (NC 5 H 6 )Cl 5.18 8.82 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 .3H 2 O 16.02 -2.02 NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O 8.02 5.98 Na 2 HPO4.7H 2 O 19.86 -5.86 Na 2 CO 3 21.46 -7.46 Table 4. Acidity constants and active ions for a series of ionic salt solutions.
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Discussion In part A of the lab, the ࠵?࠵? ! was evaluated from an initial acid concentration using the ICE table method and equilibrium constant expressions. For an initial acetic acid concentration of 0.050 M, the calculations for its ࠵?࠵? ! are as followed. An ICE table is used to find the equilibrium concentrations of the hydronium ion and the conjugate base. ࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵? + ࠵? " ࠵? ↔ ࠵?࠵?࠵? # + ࠵? $ ࠵? % ࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵? ࠵? " ࠵? ࠵?࠵?࠵? # ࠵? $ ࠵? % Initial 0.05 - 0 0 Change -x - +x +x Equilibrium 0.05 - x - x x The value of x can be determined from the observed pH value from the lab using the following calculations: [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] = 10 #&’ [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] = 10 #$.") [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] = 0 .00057543993 Once the x value is found, the acid ionization equilibrium constant, ࠵? ! , can be calculated: ࠵? ! = [࠵?࠵?࠵? # ] *+ [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] *+ [࠵?࠵?࠵?࠵?] *+ ࠵? ! = ( 0 .00057543993 ) (0 .00057543993 ) (0.05 − 0 .00057543993 ) ࠵? ! = 6.623 ∗ 10 #, ࠵?࠵? ! = −log (࠵? ! ) ࠵?࠵? ! = −log (6.623 ∗ 10 #, ) ࠵?࠵? ! = 5.178 For part B of the lab, the percent deprotonation can be found using the observed pH values at each of the different initial concentrations. The formula to calculate percent deprotonation is shown below: %࠵? = [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] *+ [࠵?࠵?] - ∗ 100
The equilibrium concentration of the hydronium ion can be found using the observed experimental pH value for a particular solution before percent deprotonation is calculated. For solution 1, the calculation for the hydronium ion concentration is reported below: [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] = 10 #&’ [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] = 10 #".. [࠵? $ ࠵? % ] = 0.0031622777 From this, the percent deprotonation can be calculated: %࠵? = (0.0031622777) (0.1) ∗ 100 %࠵? = 3.16% The unknown solution had a ࠵?࠵? ! of 4.00 based on the 0.100 M solution, with the closest given ࠵?࠵? ! value of ascorbic acid being the closest ( ࠵?࠵? ! = 4.17 ). Based on the pH readings obtained for various salt solutions, the relative strengths of conjugate acids and bases was assessed during part C of the lab. The relative acidity or basicity of the salt may be calculated using the ionization of ammonium chloride and the potency of the conjugate acids and bases of the ions. The ionization of ammonium chloride is shown below: ࠵?࠵? ) ࠵?࠵? (࠵?࠵?) → ࠵?࠵? ) % (࠵?࠵?) + ࠵?࠵? # (࠵?࠵?) Because the chloride ion is the conjugate base of a strong acid, it is too weak of a base to react with water and only the ammonium ion will react with water. The reaction of the ammonium ion and water is given below: ࠵?࠵? ) % (࠵?࠵?) + ࠵? " ࠵? (࠵?) ↔ ࠵? $ ࠵? % (࠵?࠵?) + ࠵?࠵? $ (࠵?࠵?) The reaction above shows that the ammonium ion is acting as an acid and the resulting solution should have a pH lower than 7. When the pH was observed during the experiment, the value was 3.9, resulting in ammonium chloride to be an acidic salt.