Week_6-Nuclear_Chemistry

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CHEM120 OL, Week 6 Lab Week 6 Lab: Nuclear Chemistry Objectives:  Identify the differences between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions.  Identify the concept of radioactive decay.  Identify the nuclear changes associated with alpha, beta or gamma decay.  Write the products of nuclear reactions involving alpha, beta or gamma emissions.  Explain the concept of half-lives and complete half-life calculations.  Identify common subatomic particles and energies involved in nuclear reactions  Recognize common modes of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma, and electron capture) by observing differences in nucleic mass defect and/or binding energies  Describe common applications of radioactive isotopes (nuclear medicine, radiometric/carbon dating, nuclear energy)  Describe how carbon dating works Radioactivity is something that only happens in nuclear power plants, right? In this simulation, you will learn that radioactivity is much more common than you might think—in fact, you are surrounded by it! You will also learn what types of atoms are radioactive and why, and how alpha, beta, and gamma decay generate different types of radioactivity. Understand the processes happening in the atomic nucleus Use our holofloor to visualize how protons and neutrons interact in the nucleus. Experiment with stability of isotopes and figure out why some combinations are more stable than others. Analyze properties of alpha, beta, and gamma decay Radioactive isotopes can undergo alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Each of these processes generates radioactivity; luckily, we are in a virtual simulation and we can experiment with these isotopes without being exposed to harmful levels of radiation. Additionally, you will be able to see how protons and neutrons interact in the nucleus thanks to our advanced holofloor. Not all atoms are stable. When atoms are born in a nuclear reactor, whether it be the heart of a star or a power plant, a portion of them are radioactive and are referred to as radioisotopes. These radioisotopes break down over time, releasing energy and transforming into more stable forms in processes known as radioactive decay. 1

CHEM120 OL, Week 6 Lab Part 1: Complete Labster lab: Nuclear Chemistry 1. Purpose: Describe in complete sentences and in your own words, the purpose of this experiment. The experiment's goal was to be able to identify the subatomic particles and energy involved in a nuclear reaction, comprehend half-life, see the processes of radioactive decay, understand carbon dating, and use radioactive isotopes. 2. Observations: Record three observations from the simulation. 3. 2 equal charges repel each other 4. II. The distance that the nuclear force acts at is so small that this interaction 5. only occurs inside the nucleus 6. III. We use half-life to estimate when a specific atom will deca I. The distance at which the nuclear force acts is so minimal that this interaction only happens within the nucleus. II. half-life is used to estimate when a particular atom will decay. III. Two equal charges oppose each other. 2

CHEM120 OL, Week 6 Lab 7. Complete the table below Radiation type Affect on atomic number of product Affect on number of protons in product Affect on mass number of product Alpha particle Decreases by 2 Decreases by 2 Decreases by 4 Beta particle Increases by 1 Increases by 1 No affect Gamma particle No affect No affect No affect Positron Decreases by 1 Decreases by 1 No affect Electron capture Decreases by 1 Decreases by 1 No affect 8. In the space below, use X for the symbol of an element, Z for the atomic number and A for the mass number to write a general nuclide symbol. a z X 9. An isotope of strontium has 38 protons and 52 neutrons. What is the nuclide symbol for an atom of this isotope? 90 38 S 10.Write the nuclear equation for the gamma decay of fluorine-19. 19 9 F --> 19 9 F + γ 11.Write the nuclear equation for the positron emission of sodium-23. 23 11 Na -> 23 10 Na 12.Suppose Potassium-41 undergoes electron capture. Write the nuclear equation that represents this process. 41 19 K -> 41 18 Ar 3

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CHEM120 OL, Week 6 Lab Part 2: Half-life and medical imaging Technetium-99m is an important isotope used in medical imaging (the m stands for metastable). Each day healthcare professionals around the world use Technetium-99m in thousands of medical scans. This material has a very short half-life of about 6 hours and decays by gamma decay to Technetium-99. In this exercise, you will look at why half-life is an important concern and how it affects your health. 9. Technetium-99m has a half-life of 6 hours. Use this to answer the following questions: a. What percentage of Technituum-99m would remain in your body 24 hours after injection with this radioisotope? Assume that the initial percentage is 100%. 24hrs/6rs=4hrs half-life 99m * 1/24 = 0.0618 * 100% = 6.18% b.In terms of radiation exposure, why is this short half-life beneficial? The half-life of a radioactive element is important to understand when employing it for medicine or imaging. 10.Due to the short half-life of Technetium-99m, this material cannot be easily transported. However, Technetium-99m can be formed from the beta decay of Molybdenum-99, which has a half-life of about 2.75 days. Unfortunately, the world’s supply of molybdenum-99 is in jeopardy as the nuclear facilities that produce this material are beginning to cease operations. Use this information to answer the following questions: a. Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Molybdenum-99. 95 94 42 MO -> 95 94 43 Te b. If you have 50 grams of Molybdenum-99, how many grams will remain after 11 days? 11days/ 2.75 days = 4 half-lives 100g * 1/24 = 6.25g/Mol c. Would a good solution to the coming shortage of Molybdenum-99 be for hospitals to stockpile large amounts of Molybdenum-99? Why or why not? 4

CHEM120 OL, Week 6 Lab No, as the half-life is too short, leading to increased waste, increased expense, and the risk of missing out on vital items due to spoilage. Reflection: Choose any medical isotope besides the ones mentioned in exploration 2 and report on the uses, half-life, decay type(s), and any safety concerns. Be sure to cite your sources fully. Uses: Iodine-131 is a crucial diagnostic and therapeutic tool in nuclear medicine, particularly used in diagnosing and treating thyroid issues. It is used in radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) examinations to measure thyroid function and detect anomalies like hyperthyroidism or thyroid nodules. It targets and kills thyroid tissue using beta particles and gamma radiation. Half-Life Iodine-131 has a rather lengthy half-life of about eight days. This prolonged half-life enables efficient treatment while guaranteeing the radiation dose decreases progressively. Decay Type(s): Iodine-131 primarily decays into beta particles (electrons) with high energy levels. It also generates gamma rays during decay, contributing to the gamma radiation dose associated with I-131. Safety Concerns: Iodine-131, a radioactive substance, poses radiation safety concerns due to its beta particle and gamma ray emissions. Patients undergoing, I-131-based procedures may be exposed to radiation, especially to the thyroid and adjacent tissues. Proper measures must be developed to limit exposure, handle radioactive waste, and ensure patient safety. Healthcare personnel must adhere to strict guidelines to minimize radiation exposure. References Radioactive Iodine | American Thyroid Association. (2023, December 8). American Thyroid Association. https://www.thyroid.org/radioactive-iodine/ A. (2017, August 8). Public and Patient Safety Are Focus of New Radiation Treatment Practice Recommendations for Thyroid Disease. American Thyroid Association. https://www.thyroid.org/public-and-patient-safety-are-focus-of-new-radiation-treatment- practice-recommendations-for-thyroid-disease/ 5

CHEM120 OL, Week 6 Lab Grading Rubric: Activity Deliverable Points Part I Complete Nuclear Chemistry Simulation 10 Part II/III Complete questions based on the scenario  Purpose (1 point)  Observation (3 points)  Complete table (5 points)  Questions (10 points)  Reflection (6 points) 25 Total Complete all lab activities 35 6

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