Genetics Problems 2

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Jan 9, 2024

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1. Feather colour in parakeets is produced by the blending of pigments produced from two biosynthetic pathways shown below. Four independently assorting genes (A, B, C, D) produce enzymes that catalyze separate steps of the pathways. For the questions below use an uppercase letter to indicate a dominant allele producing full enzymatic activity and a lowercase letter to denote the recessive allele producing no functional enzyme. Feather colours produced by mixing pigments are green (yellow + blue) and purple (red + blue). Red, yellow, and blue feathers result from production of one coloured pigment and white results from the absence of pigment production. Pathway 1: Compound I Enzyme A Compound II Enzyme B Compound III (colourless) (red) (yellow) Pathway 2: Compound X Enzyme C Compound Y Enzyme D Compound Z (colourless) (colourless) (blue) a) Because there are more than one gene controlling feather colour, this is an example of what type of hereditary process? b) Does this example support the Blending Theory of heredity? Why/Why not? c) What is the genotype of a true breeding purple parakeet? d) What is the genotype of a true-breeding yellow parakeet? e) If a true-breeding blue strain (aaBBCCDD) is crossed with one that is true-breeding purple, predict the genotype(s) and phenotype(s) of the F1 generation. f) If the F1 birds from (e) are crossed at random, what phenotypes do you expect to see in the F2 generation? Considering a large population of F2 birds, what is the expected ratio of their phenotypes? 2. Coat colour in mink is controlled by two codominant alleles at a single locus. Red coat colour is produced by the genotype R1R1, silver coat colour by the genotype R1R2, and platinum colour by the genotype R2R2. White spotting on the coat is caused by a recessive trait ss. Solid coat colour is the result of the presence of a dominant S allele. a) What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the progeny of a cross between parents with the following genotype SsR1R2 x ssR2R2? b) If the cross SsR1R2 x SsR1R1 is made, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

Clara Charles 3. In humans, hemophilia is and X-linked, recessive disorder that affects the gene required to produce the clotting protein factor VIII. The dominant and recessive alleles for hemophilia are denoted as H and h, respectively. Albinism is an autosomal recessive condition that results from a mutation in the gene which produces a protein called tyrosinase, an enzyme required for melanin production. A and a represent the albinism alleles. A healthy woman named Clara whose father has hemophilia and whose brother has albinism, is married to a healthy man named Charles, whose parents are healthy. However, Charles ’ s brother has hemophilia and his sister has albinism. a) What are the genotypes of the four parents in the pedigree? b) Determine the probability that the first child of Clara and Charles will be a: i) boy with hemophilia ii) girl with albinism iii) healthy girl iv) boy with both albinism and hemophilia v) boy with albinism iv) girl with hemophilia c) If Clara and Charles ’ s first child has albinism, what is the chance the second child also has albinism? 4. For each of the following Pedigrees (A-D), identify the pattern of hereditary transmission (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive or X-linked dominant) that is most likely to have occurred. Give genotypes for each individual involved in transmitting the trait. ? green symbol = albinism blue symbol = hemophilia Pedigree A

Pedigree B Pedigree C Pedigree D

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5. Use the blank pedigrees provided below to depict transmission of (a) an X-linked recessive trait (use Pedigree E) and (b) an X-linked dominant trait (use pedigree F). Fill in the circles and squares where appropriate to represent individuals with the trait of interest. Give genotypes for each person in each pedigree. Carefully design each transmission pattern so that the pedigrees cannot be confused with autosomal recessive or dominant transmission patterns. Identify the transmission events that eliminate the possibility of autosomal transmission for each pedigree. a) b) Pedigree E Pedigree F

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