BIO-FPX1000_VasquezSusanna_Assessment_5-1

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Susanna Vasquez BIO-FPX1000 Fall 2023 Assessment 5

1. Organization of the Human Body: The human body is organized at various levels, from the smallest building blocks to complex systems. The hierarchical organization includes:  Cellular Level: The basic unit of life is the cell, which combines to form tissues.  Tissue Level: Similar cells work together to form tissues (e.g., muscle tissue, nervous tissue).  Organ Level: Different tissues combine to form organs (e.g., heart, liver).  Organ System Level: Organs collaborate to create organ systems (e.g., cardiovascular system, nervous system).  Organismal Level: All organ systems together form the complete organism, the human body. 2. Inheritance of Autosomal Recessive Traits:  Autosomal recessive traits are governed by genes located on autosomal chromosomes (non-sex chromosomes).  For an individual to express an autosomal recessive trait, they must inherit two copies of the recessive allele (one from each parent).  Recessive traits often skip generations and may appear in individuals with no family history of the trait.  Reading a pedigree involves tracking the trait through multiple generations to understand its inheritance pattern.

3. Gender Determination in Lab Scenario:  In humans, gender is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes: XX for females and XY for males.  The second patient's gender can be determined by analyzing their sex chromosomes. If the patient has XX, they are female; if XY, they are male. 4. Karyotype Results and Chromosomal Abnormalities:  A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes.  Chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy (e.g., Down syndrome) or monosomy, can impact body systems.  Extra or missing chromosomes can lead to developmental issues, intellectual disabilities, and organ malformations. 5. Ramifications of Genetic Testing:  Positive Ramifications:  Early Detection and Prevention: Genetic testing can identify predispositions to certain diseases, enabling early intervention and prevention.  Informed Decision-Making: Helps individuals make informed decisions about their health, family planning, and lifestyle choices.  Negative Ramifications:  Psychological Impact: Knowledge of genetic risks may cause anxiety, stress, or depression.

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 Social and Ethical Concerns: Genetic information may lead to discrimination in employment or insurance. There are ethical concerns about privacy and consent.  False Positives/Negatives: Test results may not be 100% accurate, leading to unnecessary concerns or missed conditions. In summary, the human body is intricately organized, inheritance patterns can be traced through pedigrees, gender is determined by sex chromosomes, karyotypes reveal chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic testing has both positive and negative consequences.

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