Module 6 problem set

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Jan 9, 2024

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1. The female reproductive system includes what internal organs? Ovaries, Fallopian tubes,vagina, and the uterus 2. What is ovulation? How often does it occur? The release of mature egg: occurs approximately every 28 days 3. What is the ovarian cycle? An egg is released from the ovarian tube. 4. What does the ovarian follicle become after ovulation? The corpus luteum 5. What is the purpose of the corpus luteum? To maintain pregnancy if an egg is fertilized, if not it disintegrates. 6. What are the three sections and three coats of the oviducts? Infundibulum, ampulla qne isthmus 3 coats are outer serous, middle muscular coat and inner muscosa coat. 7. What is the function of the fimbriae? To capture an egg from the ovary at the time of ovulation. When an egg bursts from follicle within an ovary during ovulation it is swept in an oviduct. 8. An egg is most often fertilized in what region? Ampulla 9. Describe the shape and location of the uterus. Hollow, thick-walled muscular organ, shaped like an inverted pear connecting the uterine tubes and vagina forward titled position between the bladder and rectum. 10. What are the three layers of the uterus? Permetrium, middle muscular myometrium and inner glandular endometrium 11. What is the function of the myometrium? It expands during pregnancy to hold the growing fetus and contracts during labor to push the baby out of uterus. 12. What are the three regions of the uterus? Fundus, body and cervix, 13. What is the fundus? The height of the fundus can be measured from the top of the pubic bone during pregnancy to provide growth rates and a crude indication of an abnormality (breech presentation or twins).

14. What is the function of the cervix just prior to ovulation? The cervix swells softens and secrets mucus allowing sperm better access to and viability within the uterus. 15. What are the three layers of the vaginal wall? Tissue layer, intermediate muscle later and outer tissue layer. 16. What is the function of the mucosal lining in the vaginal wall? It lies in folds and can extend which is important when the vagina serves as a birth canal and also facilitates intercourse. 17. The _____ is a fat pad located in front of the pubic symphysis and is covered with hair after puberty. Mona pubis 18. The _______is an outer fold of skin that is located posterior to the mons pubis. Labia majora 19. The urethral orifice is located ________ the vaginal orifice. Anterior to 20. Describe the structure of the mammary glands Contains 1 to 2 dozen lobules, each with its own mammaty duct. The duct begins at nipple and divides into numerous other ducts ending in blind sacs called alveoli. 21. Is milk produced during pregnancy? No it is not. Prolactin is needed for lactation to begin. Prolactin is suppressed by estrogen and progesterone. 22. What is colostrum? Yellowish white fluid which has a similar composition to milk but contains higher concentration of protein. 23. What is oogenesis? A production of eggs in the ovaries which occurs during development of the detus in the womb and complete by time of birth. 24. Describe the steps of oogenesis from primary oogonia to a mature ovum. Oogonia (Female stem cells), undergo mitotic division into two daughter cells known as primary oocytes. These primary oocytes are covered by follicles, known as primary follicles. This process is completed by birth. The anterior pituitary gland starts to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when a female reaches puberty. FSH causes a few follicles to mature each month. The primary oocyte in the follicle undergoes its first meiotic division into two daughter

cells: the secondary oocyte and the first polar body. If the secondary oocyte is united with a sperm after ovulation the second meiotic division occurs which produces a second polar body and an ovum with 23 chromosomes. 25. What is the function of estrogen and progesterone? Estrogen is important in the production of eggs and the menstrual cycle. It is also responsible for secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy but does not promote secondary sexual characteristics. 26. What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle? menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory phase. 27. What is contained in the menstrual flow? Detached tissue of the endometrium and blood. 28. Describe the proliferative phase. Between 6-14 days endometrium rebuilds in response to increasing estrogen levels. Ovulation of an egg occurs in the ovaries on day 14. Ovulation is triggered when the anterior pituitary released luteinizing hormone as a response to high levels of estrogen. 29. Describe the secretory phase. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. 30. Describe the structure and function of the testes. The testes have the function of sperm and testosterone production. Testosterone is a hormone produced by the interstitial cells inside the connective tissues. Each testis has hundreds of lobules and each lobule contains several seminiferous tubules where the site of sperm production takes place. 31. Where is the site of sperm maturation? The epididymis 32. What would happen if the testes do not descend into the scrotum? If the testes do not descend into the scrotum, gametes may not be produced because sperm production requires an environment cooler than body temperature. 33. What is the length of sperm maturation? Why? 20 days is required for sperm to gain the ability to swim. 34. What is the site where the vas deferens enters the abdomen? Inguinal canal 35. What is the ejaculatory duct?

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Connects with the urethra to provide a way for sperm to exit body 36. What is a vasectomy? A form of permanent birth control. The vas deferens is cut and tied off which permanently prevents sperm from exiting the body to fertilize an egg. 37. The fluids of the semen are contributed by what three glands? Seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands. 38. What is semen? Thick whitish fluid that contains sperm and accessory glands secretions. 39. Discuss the function of the antibiotics found in semen. It kills bacteria in the male urethra or female reproductive system which would kill the sperm to kill any bacteria in the urethra which would kill sperm. 40. What do the seminal vesicles contribute to the contents of semen? It secretes a thick viscous fluid containing nutrients (fructose, vitamin C, and prostaglandins) for use by the sperm. 41. What does the prostate gland contribute to the contents of semen? It secretes milky alkaline fluid helping to increase the motility of the sperm 42. What do the bulbourethral glands secrete? Alkaline mucus secreted by bulbourethral glans clears and neutralizes the acidity of any urine inside of the urethra. 43. Describe the formation of sperm from spermatogonia. Sperm are formed from spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules located in the testes. The spermatogonia are stem cells that go through mitotic divisions (with 46 cells each) beginning at birth until puberty. Once a male enters puberty his anterior pituitary gland begins to secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). When FSH is secreted the spermatogonia undergo cell division; one of the cells continues the stem cell line. The other cell, known as the primary spermatocyte, undergoes meiosis. Meiosis produces four gametes with (with 23 chromosomes each) known in the male reproductive system as spermatids. All four spermatids become viable gametes. 44. Describe the parts of a mature sperm. The head is almost entirely nucleus containing the cell DNA with a crown called the acrosome which contains enzymes that breakdown the membrane of the egg to allow the sperm to penetrate. The midpiece contains numerous mitochondria that generate the locomotive energy needed by the sperm. The tail is a typical flagellum which is used to propel the sperm through the female reproductive tract.

45. What is the purpose of the hormone testosterone? Testosterone stimulates the sex drive and growth in males. It also stimulates secondary sex characteristics such as broad shoulders, deep voice, increased muscle size and bone density, and increased hair. 46. Why are offspring different from their parents? In sexual reproduction, the offspring inherits half its genes from one parent and the other half from the other parent. Therefore, an offspring has a different combination of genes than either parent. In this way, variation is introduced and maintained. 47. What is a haploid cell? A diploid cell? A diploid cell is found throughout the body containing 46 chromosomes. A haploid cell is a gamete cell containing 23 chromosomes. 48. What is meiosis? During meiosis, gametes divide to form four gametes each with only half of the chromosomes needed (23). 49. How many chromosomes does a zygote contain? 46 50. What determines the sex of the developing fetus? Sex is also determined by the chromosomes. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes. 51. What is the corona radiata? Follicle cells surrounding the egg 52. How long are male and female gametes viable? Male 3-5 days after ejaculation, Female 24 hrs after ovulation 53. Describe the order of development from a fertilized egg to a fetus. The zygote (fertilized egg) spends about three to four days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts forming the morula and another three to four days undergoing mitosis while unattached in the uterus, forming the blastocyst as the endometrium prepares for implantation. Upon implantation some cells in the blastocyst begin to develop into three layers which become the embryo. By the end of week eight, the embryo is considered a fetus. 54. The presence of _____ in urine will result in a positive pregnancy test taken at home. HCG

55. Describe the supportive cells formed in the blastocyst. Other cells of the blastocyst form supportive cells for embryonic function: the amnion, placenta and umbilical cord. The amnion forms a sac filled with fluid to cushion and protect the fetus. The placenta is a temporary organ that carries out nutritive, respiratory, excretory and endocrine functions for the embryo. The baby continues to grow in the uterus with nutrition provided by the placenta for nine months until it is time for delivery. The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta. 56. The skin and nervous tissue develop from the ----------- layer of the blastocyst. Ectoderm 57. The inner endoderm layer forms the _________. Glands : thyroid, parathyroid and thymus. Solid glands : liver and pancreas. Lining hollow organs of the digestive and respiratory systems 58. The cardiovascular system develops from what layer of the blastocyst? Mesoderm 59. Describe the steps of the formation of the neural tube. The lateral sides of the ectoderm move together (convergence) forming the epidermis superficially. The neural fold forms underneath the epidermis, becoming the neural crest. The neural plate becomes the neural groove and then finally the neural tube once convergence is complete. The anterior portion of the neural tube becomes the brain and the rest forms the brainstem and spinal cord. 60. What supplement is recommended to prevent neural tube defects? Folic Acid 61. Around what week does the heart begin to have blood flow? Week 3 62. During what trimester do fingerprints develop? 2 nd trimester 63. What trimester do the testes descend into the scrotum? 3 rd trimester 64. What causes the cervix to dilate during labor? The uterus contracts to push the baby head against the cervix causing it to dilate or widen 65. What is the second stage of labor?

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Delivering the baby 66. What is the third stage of labor? Delivery of the placenta 67. What stage of labor is the longest? Dilation of the cervix, the 1 st stage. 68. Review all figures in the module.

Module 6 problem set

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