Understanding the Muscular System: Lab 7 Insights

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Student Name: MA ERICKA RENEE SAUVE Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): 2XVADW Lab Report Format Expectations Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Questions 1. How do banding patterns change when a muscle contracts? As the muscle contract Bands in skeletal muscles overlap which leads to shortening of width of bands and length remains constant 2. What is the difference between a muscle organ, a muscle fiber, myofibril and a myofilament? Muscle organ means whole muscle while muscle fiber is bundle of myofbirils and myofilaments composed of muscle fibrils 3. Outline the molecular mechanism for skeletal muscle contraction. At what point is ATP used and why? It starts from release of Ach from Somatic motor neurons, These Ach binds with receptor in muscle cell leading to opening of sodium channels and action potential is generated. This action potential travels through Sarcolemma towards T tubes. Ca is released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum. Followed by movement of tropomyosin Ca binds troponin on thin filaments. ATP then binds myosin heads on thick filament and heads then binds thin filament. Myosin then pulls thin filaments towards M line after that Myosin heads is released from actin filaments and atp is also released ca is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Explain why rigor mortis occurs. In this condition muscles are stiffed after body is dead it is because of Lack Of ATP after death and cross bridges cannot be detached without ATP

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 1: TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS Introduction Questions 1. How does the extracellular matrix of connective tissues contribute to its function? ECM of connective tissue contributes its function by Supporting structures and guides tissue division and growth and development as well . They influence tissue functions and appearance 2. Why are tendons and ligament tissues difficult to heal? Because of avascular nature of these connective tissue they are difficult to heal

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Data and Observations 1. Label the arrows in the slide images below based on your observations from the experiment. A. Chondrocytes B. Collagen C. Collagen fibers D. Skeletal muscle fiber E. Nuclei F. Collagen fiber

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Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. What difference do you see between the tendon – muscle insertion image and the tendon image? Tendon Muscle insertion appears to contains Dense irregular connective tissue and are scattered consisting of collagen and chondrocytes while Tendon images looks smooth and unidirectional containing more than one nucleus 2. What differences do you see between the tendon and ligament sections? Ligaments are present in joints and they are closer together while tendon attaching muscles to bones which appears to be saperated

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 2: NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION Results and Discussion 1. Are there few or many nuclei at the end plate? No, There are many nuclei at the end plate 2. What is a motor unit? A motor unit is the motor neuron that innervates all muscle neuron 3. How is a greater force generated (in terms or motor unit recruitment)? For this purpose motor nerves branches into thousands and recruit all muscle fibers which leads to generation of greater force 4. What types of sensors are present within the muscle to identify how much force is generated? At joints there are proprioceptors for this purpose they give information about muscle contraction length( Muscle spindle) it includes golgi tendon which considers muscle tention

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Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 3: MUSCLE FATIGUE Introduction Questions 1. Hypothesize what would happen if blood flow was restricted to the hand when this experiment is performed. if blood flow is restricted then it will reduce movement of hand Data and Observations Record your observations from the experiment in the table below, based on the instructions in the procedure. Table 1: Experimental Counts Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Predicted Value 20 20 20 15 15 Actual Value 20 20 20 15 13 Results and Discussion 1. How did the predicted results compare to the actual results? My hypothesis was right for trail 1 when compared to actual results and it was incorrect for trial 5 when compared to actual results 2. Did you notice any changes in the number of repetitions you could perform, or how your hand felt after each of the trials? At the end of 3 rd trail my Hand was tired and weak 3. Explain the actions that were occurring at the cellular level to produce this movement. Include sources of energy and any possible effect of muscle fatigue. At First ATP is the source of energy which comes from aerobic respiration as with time Source of energy changes to anaerobic respiration which leads lactic acid accumulation and muscle fatigue

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 4: GROSS ANATOMY OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM Introduction Questions 1. Label the human muscle diagram. A. Pectoralis major B. Flexor carpi Ulnaris C. Vastus medialis D. Biceps brachii E. Flexor carpi radialis F. Deltoid G. Rectus femoris H. Tibialis anterior

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Data and Observations Record your observations from the experiment in the table below, based on the instructions in the procedure. Table 2: Gross Anatomy Data Movement Muscle(s) Activated Action(s) of Muscle(s) Forearm Extended (Step 1) Tricpes Brachii Anconeus Extension of arm at elbow Fingers Extended and Splayed (Step 1) Extensor digitorum Extension of IP joints Fingers Retracted (Step 1) Flexor digitorun profundus Flexion of ip joint and wrist joint Forearm Pressed Down Upon (Step 2) Biceps brachii, Supinator, Triceps brachii, pronator, tenes, Quadratus Pronation of forearm Elbow Bent (Step 3) Biceps brachii, Brachioradialis, Brachialis Flexion of elbow Arm Raised to Side with Heavy Object (Step 4) Trepzius, Supraspinatus, Deltoid , Serratus anterior Abduction at shoulder joint Arm Extended Back with Heavy Object (Step 4) Lattismus Dorsi Abduction and lateral rotation at shoulder joint Thigh Abduction Obturator externus, Adductor longus/Magnus/Brevis , Gracilus Returning thigh to midline Knee flexion Hamstring, Gracilus, plantaris, popliteus Knee flexion Ankle pronation Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum logus, Extensor Hallucis longus Move the sole of foot so that foot is facing rear of the body Calf raise Gastrocnemius Soleus Pulls the heel Eversion of of foot Fibularis logus/ Brevis Turn foot outward laterally Planter flexion Gastrocnemius , plantaris Pushes the foot downward

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Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Movement Muscle(s) Activated Action(s) of Muscle(s) Dorsiflexion Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum logus, Extensor Hallucis longus Pulling the foot upwards toward the leg

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. Which muscle(s) were used to extend your arms backward? Triceps brachii 2. Which muscle(s) were used to extend and splay your fingers outward? Extensor digitorum

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 5: ATP AND MUSCULAR FATIGUE Introduction Questions 1. Explain the biochemical reasoning behind muscle fatigue. 1 st There is aerobic respiration when oxygen is depleted Anaerobic respiration starts which leads to Accumulation of lactic acid causing muscle fatigue Data and Observations Record your observations from the experiment in the table below, based on the instructions in the procedure. Table 3: Muscle Fatigue Data Trial Time (seconds) Trial 1 50 SEC Trial 2 33 sec Trial 3 25 sec Results and Discussion 1. What happened to the time intervals between Trial 1 and Trial 3? What caused this change? Muscle Fatigue due to lactic acid accumulation 2. Identify three muscles which were engaged during the wall-sit. Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gluteus maximus

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Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 6: THE VIRTUAL MODEL - THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM (UPPER BODY) Introduction Questions 1. What is the scientific term for the muscles of the mouth? Orbicularis oris 2. What is the scientific name of the muscle that facilitates the raising of the lower lip? Is it on the ventral or dorsal side of the body? Mentalis and it is on ventral side Data and Observations Insert screenshot of the latissimus dorsi muscle:

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Insert screenshot of the greater pectoral muscle: Insert screenshot of the brachial muscle:

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. Which muscle is deeper in the body: the internal oblique muscle or the transverse abdominal muscle? Transvers abdominis 2. Is the trapezius muscle located in the abdomen, back, head, neck or thorax? It is in the back 3. What muscle is more medial, the deltoid muscle or the greater pectoral muscle? Greater pectoral muscle is medial EXPERIMENT 7: THE VIRTUAL MODEL - THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM (LOWER BODY) Introduction Questions 1. What is the role of the long extensor muscle of the toes? Which toes does it control? It extends the toes , They control 4 toes after big Toe 2. What is an adductor muscle? List three examples of adductor muscles here. Adductor is the one that has main action in adduction of limbs After abduction has been done it includes adductor longus brevis and magnus

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Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Data and Observations Insert screenshot of the semitendinous muscle: Insert screenshot of the soleus muscle:

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Insert screenshot of the gracilis muscle: Results and Discussion 1. Is the gracilis muscle located in the foot, hip, leg, or thigh muscle group? In thigh muscle group 2. Relate the location of the semitendinous muscle and the greater gluteal muscle. Semitendinous is deep to gluteus muscles 3. Which muscle is most distal: the pectineal muscle, the soleus muscle, or the abductor muscle of the great toe? Abductor muscle of great toe

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L EXPERIMENT 8: FETAL PIG DISSECTION - MUSCULAR SYSTEM Introduction Questions 1. Describe the tissue that covers muscles. Muscle is covered by Epimysium which is connective tissue 2. Why are muscle fibers considered excitable? Because they have ability to transmit action potentials 3. Why is it important to have both flexors and extensors? Both are necessary to antognize their action and stable the joint movements and make the joint balanced 4. How can muscle mass be influenced by training or age? With the aging muscle decline occurs due to inactivity and training increases muscles mass and bone mineral density

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Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Data and Observations Record your observations as stated in the experimental procedure in the table below. Ensure you provide enough to satisfy the intent of the requirements in the procedure. Submissions that do not contain the required observations as noted in the experimental procedure may be rejected. Table 4: Experimental Data Muscle Origin Insertion Movement Pectoralis major Sternum Entire length of humerus and fascia Pulls the arms toward body Latissimus dorsi Lumbodorsal Fascia, Lumbar and last thoracic vertebrae Proximal end of the humerus on the ventral side. Pulls arm upwards and backwards. Deltoids Scapula Proximal anterior humerus Flexes Humerus Rectus abdominis Pubis Upper ribs and Sternum Constricts the abdomen Transverse abdominis Lower ribs and lumber vertebrae Linea alba Constricts abdomen Gluteus medius Outer surface of ileum bone Greater trochanter of Femur Abducts thigh

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Insert a high resolution photo of the fetal pig you observed in the dissection tray. Your handwritten name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. Photos that are of too low resolution, that appear inauthentic, that appear edited, or that do not show the pig, dissection tray, the data required by the procedure and a clearly written name and access code will be rejected.

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Results and Discussion 1. How many layers of abdominal muscle are there? Three Abdominal muscle layers 2. What direction do the muscle fibers of the external oblique run? They run diagonally

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BIO201 Lab 7

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