Lab_Report_Eukaryotes_Prokaryotes_and_Viruses (1)

Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses: Structure and Function Ayden Hinojos 3/5/2024

Instructions: 1. Please read all of the introduction and background information within the investigative manual. a. Once you have done so answer the prelab question BEFORE completing any of the lab’s activities. 2. Once you have completed the prelab questions proceed to the activities of the lab within the investigative manual. a. As you read through the instructions for completing each activity make sure you also: i. Complete any instructions (append photos, etc)/ and answer any questions found in the post lab questions for each activity. ii. Take the photos of your experiments in each activity as directed below . IMPORTANT : Don’t clean-up your lab until you know what portion of the experiment you need to take a picture of. 3. Here is a video that will introduce you to the lab and its main concepts. The student is encouraged to watch it. a. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes and Viruses Prelab Questions 1. There are three panels in the figure below (as labeled). Each panel represents two compartments separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Small solid circles represent water and larger hashed circles represent a solute. In each panel label each side (“Side A” and “Side B”) as either hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. After doing this, illustrate (with an arrow) or state which direction water will move (left-to-right, right-to- left, or neither). 1 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Considering this setup answer the following questions: a. After two hours you remove a sample from side A and B and test them for starch and glucose using the IKI solution and benedict’s reagent. Predict, or hypothesize, what you will find for both side A and side B given this scenario. Why did you make that prediction? I think that after two hours, Side B will have turned blue and Side A will have turned black. I think this because benedict’s regent turns clear blue in the presence of glucose and the IKI solution turns black. I also think that it wont take long for the solutions to turn blue and black as I think that glucose and starch react quickly. b. After making your prediction you carry out the test and find that glucose is found on both sides A and B. However, starch is found only on side A. Why do you think this is the case? Answer this question by discussing the molecular difference between glucose and starch. 3 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Since glucose molecules are smaller than starch molecules, it will take less time for the glucose molecules to break down and longer for the starch molecules. Because of their small size, they are allowed to pass through the membrane and go through diffusion. The breakdown process might not have been finished within the two hours and the starch’s inability to be diffused through the membrane leaves the presence of starch. How does the scenario described in b. compare to a biological membrane? Biological membrane allows some substances, in this case glucose, to pass through while restricting other substances, in this case starch. The glucose is allowed to diffuse through the membrane but since the starch is restricted it is not diffused and its presence stays there. 3. In Activity 1 of this lab we will be investigating the impact that the surface area-to-volume ratio has on the rate of diffusion. Please read the directions for Activity 1 in the investigative manual. After doing so fill in your purpose and hypothesis statements found under the Activity 1 heading. After completing the lab come back to this section and fill out your evidence/claims and reflection statement. Activity 1 Instructions: 1. Open the investigative manual. Locate all the needed materials supplied in the kit and those you will need to supply yourself. 2. Lay them out in your work area. 3. Read through the entire set of instructions found in the investigative manual for the activity to avoid making mistakes when you go to execute the experiment. 4. Once you have read through the instructions go back to step 1 and begin executing the experiment. 5. Please answer the questions below and/or append appropriate representations of data (photos, graphs, etc). REMEMBER don’t clean 4 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Data Table 1A Length (l) (cm) Width (w) (cm) Height (h) (cm) Size of cross section slice (h x w) (cm) Distance traveled by IKI from potato edge (cm) Area of white region (l × w) (cm 2 ) 2.50 2.50 2.50 6.25cm 0.4cm 4.53 cm^2 2.00 2.00 1.00 2cm .6 cm 2.76cm^2 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.25cm 0.4cm 1.87cm^2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1cm 0.3cm 1.12cm^2 2.00 0.50 0.50 0.25cm 0.5 cm 1 cm^2 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25cm 0.5 cm 0.87cm^2 6 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Data Table 1B Length (l) Width (w) Height (h) Surface area of block (l x w x 2) + (w x h*4) (cm 2 ) Volume (l x w x h) (cm 3 ) Surface area-to- volume ratio (Surface area of block/volum e) Surface area of slice (w x h) (cm 2 ) Surface area of white section (cm 2 ) Surface area of black section (cm 2 ) Percent of potato block saturated with IKI: (Surface area of black section/surface area of slice)*100 2.50 2.50 2.50 37.5cm ^2 15.63 cm^ 3 .8 6.25 cm^ 2 4.53 .43cm 6.88% 2.00 2.00 1.00 16cm^2 4cm ^3 4 2cm ^2 2.76c m^2 .21cm 10.5% 1.50 1.50 1.50 13.5cm ^2 3.375 cm^ 3 4 2.25 cm^ 2 1.87c m^2 .31cm 13.77% 1.00 1.00 1.00 6cm^2 1cm ^3 6 1cm ^2 1.12c m^2 .09cm 9% 0.50 0.50 2.00 4.5cm^ 2 .5cm ^3 9 .25c m^2 1cm^ 2 .2 80% 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.5cm^ 2 .125c m^3 12 .25c m^2 0.87c m^2 .25 100% 1. Go back to the prelab and fill in the “Evidence/Claim” and “Reflection” statement for this lab activity. 2. Make a line graph of the “percent of potato block saturated with IKI” (y-axis) vs. “Surface area-to-volume ratio” (x-axis) and answer the questions below. 7 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Activity 2 Instructions: 1. Open the investigative manual. Locate all the needed materials supplied in the kit and those you will need to supply yourself. 2. Lay them out in your work area. 3. Read through the entire set of instructions found in the investigative manual for the activity to avoid making mistakes when you go to execute the experiment. 4. Once you have read through the instructions go back to step 1 and begin executing the experiment. 5. Please answer the questions below and/or append appropriate representations of data (photos, graphs, etc). REMEMBER don’t clean up until you have taken the appropriate photos of your experiment as described below. Photo 1 – Activity 2 Take a picture and insert the image(s) of your dialysis tubes after step 14 of the “Preparing the Dialysis Tubing” section in activity 2 of the investigative manual: 9 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

10 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

12 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Data Table 2 Sample data shown. Treatment Solution in dialysis tubing Solution in cup Initial volume (V i ) (mL) Final volume (V f ) (mL) Change in volume (V f -Vi) (mL) Percent change in volume (Vf- Vi)/V i (mL) The solution inside the tubing was hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic? A 20% sucrose 20% sucrose 94 94 0 0% isotonic B 40% sucrose 20% sucrose 94 96 2 2.12% increase Hypotonic C 20% sucrose 40% sucrose 94 91 3 3.19% decrease Hypertonic 1. Explain what the change in volume of the dialysis tube indicated. Describe what happened when the volume increased and when the volume decreased. The change in volume indicated that osmosis was taking place. When the volume increased the higher concentration solution inside of the dialysis tubing would be transferred into the solution in the cup and this would result in an increase in volume. The decrease was caused by the solution in the dialysis tubing being released into the solution in the cup which resulted in a decrease. 2. Are the results of your experiment consistent with what you would have expected to happen? Why or why not? 13 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Activity 3 Instructions: 1. Open the investigative manual. Locate all the needed materials supplied in the kit and those you will need to supply yourself. 2. Lay them out in your work area. 3. Read through the entire set of instructions found in the investigative manual for the activity to avoid making mistakes when you go to execute the experiment. 4. Once you have read through the instructions go back to step 1 and begin executing the experiment. 5. Please answer the questions below and/or append appropriate representations of data (photos, graphs, etc). REMEMBER don’t clean up until you have taken the appropriate photos of your experiment as described below. Photo 1 – Activity 3 Insert the photo or scan of your prokaryotic cell drawing from Activity 3. The following should be indicated in this photo: 15 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

16 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

● double-stranded DNA inside a nuclear membrane ● ribosomes ● mitochondria ● endoplasmic reticulum ● lysosomes ● Golgi apparatus ● vesicles ● optional internal organelles ● means of locomotion if applicable ● Identification of the cell tracing your steps through the Dichotomous key o For example: 1a 🡪 6a ( plasmodial slime mold ) Photo 3 – Activity 3 Insert the photo or scan of your virus drawing from Activity 3. The following should be indicated in this photo: 18 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company

● capsid shape ● DNA or RNA, if it is single stranded or double stranded, and the replication direction ● Identification of the cell tracing your steps through the Dichotomous key o For example: 1a 🡪 2b 🡪 9a 🡪 10b ( unidentifed ) 19 © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company