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1 Module 3 Assignment 1: Explore and Report: The Case of the Murdered Midwife Danielle Fouche BIO1111 Kate Lormand

2 The Case of the Murdered Midwife Part I: The Investigation It’s your first day shadowing a detective, and already it’s been interesting … if you can call the murder of a young woman interesting . You’ve been trying to detach yourself by reading the file, but you have interviews later this morning and you’re nervous. Going back to the file, you jot down some notes on what you know so far. Meleea was a 35-year-old nurse midwife with over ten years ’ experience delivering babies both in hospitals, as well as in homes when risk for complications were low. She was healthy; her only medical condition was an allergy to bee stings. The body was discovered by her boyfriend when he came over for a planned dinner. The dinner – spaghetti – was laid out, but no cooking had begun. There was also a plate of cupcakes, with a bite out of only one of them. The boyfriend said Meleea had not mentioned feeling unwell when they spoke earlier in the day. She was, however, tired, and understandably upset about a long birth she had assisted with where a mother had died in childbirth. The medical examiner did not have results yet, so you sketch out some questions you have for the interviewees. 1. Who would you interview, and what would you ask? One point of interest for interviewees would be anyone who was present during the childbirth where the mother died. I would obtain details regarding the mothers

3 cause of death, what occurred, and if Meleea showed any signs of distress outside of what would be normal for such an event. I would also interview the boyfriend to ask about any health issues that Meleea had, any out of character behaviors or illnesses, and other medical information such as allergies. 2. Do you have any hypotheses about what happened to Meleea? Write at least one or two possibilities. The first hypothesis would be that there was something wrong with the cupcake she ate such as it contained something she was allergic to, or she had a bad reaction. Another possibility would be that something happened during the childbirth that caused Meleea to pass. Part II: The Medical Examiner’s Report You now have the medical examiner’s (ME) report. The ME believes she died of asphyxiation. You read that there were no marks on the body, including bee stings. She was healthy, but tissue analysis showed some bizarre results. There was tissue death, but not only that, microscopic analysis showed mitochondrial damage. In addition, there were high levels of oxygen in all tissues examined. 1. Based on the above, what cellular process might have been interrupted? Support your answer with the information above and knowledge gained in this module. Cite sources using APA Style.

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4 Asphyxiation is when your body does not get enough oxygen (professional). Cellular respiration requires oxygen, so without oxygen in the body cellular respiration would have been interrupted. (S.M. Figueiredo a et al., 2020) The mitochondrial damage could be a byproduct of cellular respiration being interrupted. 2. Are there any conflicting pieces of information in the above? If so, what are they? The conflicting piece of information would be the fact that the tissues examined contained high levels of oxygen, which if cell respiration were interrupted then it would be assumed that the tissues examined would lack oxygen. Part III: Analysis of Metabolites The ME’s report also has a note at the end. She suspects poisoning based on the below results. Metabolite Level Compared to Normal (High, Normal, or Low) Oxygen High NADH High NAD+ Low Pyruvate Normal Glucose Normal Acetyl CoA Normal

5 ATP Low ADP High 1. What is the role of each of the above metabolites in cellular respiration? Oxygen plays a few roles in cellular respiration including helping convert glucose into ATP and part of the electron transporter chain. NADH helps with glucose oxidation that converts glucose to ATP. NAD+ functions as an electron carrier. Pyruvate provides energy for the Kreb ’s cycle. Glucose is one of th e main components for ATP. Acetyl CoA helps carbon atoms become oxidized for energy production. ATP is energy in cellular respiration. ADP becomes ATP when phosphate attaches to it. 2. Which of the above are abnormal? Which are normal? The results of the oxygen, NADH, NAD+, ATP, and ADP were all abnormal. The only normal results were the pyruvate, glucose, and acetyl CoA. 3. Based on your answers to the first two questions, what part of cellular respiration do you believe was interrupted? From the results above the electron transport was interrupted. The final stage of cellular respiration where NADH is converted to ATP was inhibited by something. Part IV: Test Results

6 The ME received results for three poisons, and one came back positive: cyanide, a potent inhibitor of cellular respiration. 1. What is the mechanism of action of cyanide? Focus on the enzyme it inhibits, the type of inhibition, and the normal role of the enzyme in cellular respiration. Cyanide inhibits cellular respiration by attacking the mitochondria, binding to the cytochrome oxidase. This decreases the oxygen in the body tissues and causes cell damage/death. (Graham, 2023) 2. Explain how Meleea died of asphyxiation when her oxygen levels are high. The oxygen levels are reading high because of a buildup of Co2 in her body. Because cellular respiration was interrupted there was no gaseous exchange to get rid of waste. Part V: Interviews After the detective saw the test results, you interviewed the boyfriend, the grieving husband, and the neighbors. No one confessed to the crime, but you did notice a spatula in the neighbor’s sink with the same color icing on it as the cupcake Meleea had begun eating. The detective bagged the spatula, and after confirming a match, the neighbor was arrested. After further interviews it appeared he had an unrequited love interest that turned to murder.

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7 Refreneces Graham, J. (2023, February 13). Cyanide toxicity . StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507796/#:~:text=The%20toxicity%20of%20cy anide%20is,reduction%20of%20oxygen%20to%20water. professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.). Asphyxiation: Prevention, causes, symptoms & treatment . Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24725- asphyxiation S.M. Figueiredo a, a, b, c, d, & AbstractEnergy for life is produced inside the internal human energy factory. (2020, December 21). Effect of oxygen levels in cellular activity . Energy Reports. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484720315705

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