Homework #1 Basics Biostats

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Indiana University, Bloomington *

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Biology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions SPH-Q 381.FA23 Introduction to Biostatistics--Fall 2023 Sections 14367 and 14687 Dr. Dave Fluharty Homework #1 6 Points 8 Questions (points listed with each question) DEADLINE February 5, 2024 No late assignments accepted except in exceptional circumstances. You may use your book, class notes, videos, internet, or other resources. You may discuss the questions with other students, HOWEVER, THE ASSIGNMENT YOU SUBMITT MUST BE DONE INDIVIDUALLY. For example, you might meet with a study group to discuss what questions mean and how they might be approached (including hints for JMP), but then after the group adjourns do problems yourself. Contact Dr. Dave if this is unclear. We will review the homework questions in the first class after the homework is uploaded. Students may also ask Dr. Dave questions about this homework during class, Student Office Hours, or individual meetings. INSTRUCTIONS: 1. BE SURE TO READ THE ENTIRE QUESTION BEFORE ANSWERING IT (in the past students have lost points on this). 2. Cut and paste your answers into this homework. You may need to make space for your answers by adding extra space between questions. 3. When you do a procedure with JMP, CUT AND PASTE SCREENSHOTS OF YOUR ANSWERS jmp RESULTS. 4. If JMP is not used and the question involves calculations, write out your calculations. Do not just write down the answer unless it is just looking up a value. First write the formula you used and then show the calculations. 5. Submit the assignment in Microsoft Word or PDF format. a. Do not submit in other formats which may not be readable for grading. b. Please put your answers in a different color than the questions (this makes grading much easier). c. Be sure the answers you upload are complete. You are responsible for ensuring you uploaded the entire assignment. 6. Please read the questions carefully. In the past students have lost points for not answering the question that asked or not answering all of the question. If you have any questions—particularly if you have difficulty working with JMP--please contact Dr. Dave!!

Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions PURPOSE OF THIS HOMEWORK: To ensure each student understands some basic concepts, can calculate some basic statistics, can use introductory JMP functions, and can do fundamental data analysis. JMP HINTS: 1. The following very very short videos and a one-page summary on the following topics will be helpful in doing this homework. They are found in the JMP Learning Library Learning Library | JMP a. Opening JMP and Getting Started b. JMP Tools c. Graph Builder | JMP d. Histograms, Descriptive Stats and Stem and Leaf | JMP e. Bar Charts and Frequency Distributions | JMP f. Scatter Plots | JMP 2. Remember you can use the Microsoft Snipping tool or the jmp selection tool, circled in red below, to copy the output you want from JMP. To paste the output into Word use the Picture (U) past option of Word. QUESTIONS 1. (1 point) provide an example from Biostatistics (Public Health, Medicine, Biology, etc.) for any 2 (two) of the following types of data which were discussed in our textbook: 1: Nominal: An example of nominal data in public health could be the blood type of patients in a hospital. Blood types are categorized into groups such as A, B, AB, and O, and these categories are used to label individuals without any quantitative value or order. 2: Discrete: In biostatistics, the number of new cases of a disease diagnosed in each period is an example of discrete data. This data type involves whole numbers that represent countable items, such as the number of new cases of influenza reported in a city during flu season.

Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions 2. (0.5 points) What are 3 aspects of a distribution you can see in a histogram? Hint: one is location. The first aspect I identified from the histogram was the location of a distribution in a histogram is determined by the central tendency, which can be the mean, median, or mode. This gives an idea of the center of the data distribution. Secondly, the spread: The spread of a distribution in a histogram refers to the range of the data, which provides information about the variability or dispersion of the data. It can be determined by looking at the width of the histogram. Lastly, shape. The shape of a distribution in a histogram can be symmetrical, skewed (either to the left or right), or may show characteristics like being unimodal (one peak) or bimodal (two peaks). The shape can give insights into the nature of the data distribution. 3. (0.5 points) Write an operational definition for a person being alive. Hint: State each of the 3 elements of an operational definition and give your example. Remember to be very precise, e.g., do not say “measure” but say what device you are using to make the measurement. A person is considered alive if their heartbeat can be detected when a stethoscope is placed against their chest and audible thumping sounds are heard. A person is considered alive if air flow can be felt with a hand held in front of their nose and mouth. A person is considered alive if their pupils constrict when a small flashlight is shined into their eyes from a distance of 1 foot. This example consists of all three elements of an operational definition: Criteria, test, and decision. 4. (1.0 point) Provide the statistics requested below for the following dataset: 2 3 4 6 6 8 9 9 25 a. Minimum- 2 b. Maximum- 25 c. Median- The median is the middle value in an ordered set. In this case, the dataset has 9 values (an odd number), so the median is the 5th value, which is 6 d. Modes (there can be more than one)- The mode is the number that appears most frequently in a dataset. In this dataset, the modes are 6 and 9, as they both appear twice

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Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions e. Range (show formula and calculation)- Using the formula Range = Highest Value - Lowest Value the range for this dataset is 25 - 2 = 23. f. Average (show formula and calculation)- Average= Sum of Observations/Total Numbers of Observations. Using this formula, you would do this: 2+3+4+6+6+8+9+9+25/ 9 = 8!! The average (mean) of the given dataset is 8. g. N: This is the total number of observations in the data set, meaning it is a total of 9 5. (1.0 point) Enter the following data into JMP, use the command Distribution Command in the Analyze menu on the following data: 2 3 4 6 6 8 9 9 25 a. Cut and paste a copy of the Distribution into your homework.

Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions b. Do you have the same answers for minimum, maximum, median, n, and average the same in this problem and the prior problem? (Hint: If not, you have made an error in one or both of these questions ) I do have all the same answers in JMP, I have all this confirmed in JMP! c. What is the 5 number summary reported in JMP (write it here)? -The smallest minimum is 2 -The lower quartile (Q1) is 3.5 -The median, or second quartile (Q2) is 6 -The upper quartile (Q3) is 9 -The sample maximum is 25 d. What is the average calculated by JMP? (write it here)? The average (otherwise known as the mean) was calculated by JMP to be 8 e. What is the Standard Deviation calculated by JMP? (write it here)? The standard deviation calculated by JMP was 6.8556546 f. Are there any outliers? If so, what is/are they? There is one outlier that caught my eye which was 25 6. (0.5 points) What should you do when there is/are outliers in a data analysis. When there are outliers in a data analysis, you should first identify them using methods such as sorting the dataset or applying statistical tests. Next, investigate the outliers to understand why they appeared and whether similar values are likely to occur in the future. Finally, decide whether to remove or retain the outliers in the analysis. If the outliers are due to errors or are not representative of the population, they may be removed. If they contain valuable information, they should be kept. 7. (The file for this question is in jmp: Go to the HELP menu Click on SAMPLE INDEX

Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions (the next menu is cut and pasted below) Within PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL science click on ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT (do not worry about the phrase “Structural Equation Modeling” which is for a tool taught in advanced courses) a. Using the Academic Achievement dataset, do a DISTRIBUTION (in the ANALYZE toolbar) procedure under the Analysis menu for 5 variables (simultaneously): “Sex,” “Multiple Choice Year 1,” “Multiple Choice Year 2,” “Multiple Choice Year 3,” and “Multiple Choice Year 4.” You will use these results in b and c Bar Charts and Frequency Distributions | JMP may help you.

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Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions b. (0.2 points) Using JMP’s dynamic tools, explore the data by clicking on sex variable and then the other varibles and look at what is highlighted in the other distributions. You will use this analysis to answer the next numbered question. Cut and past a result into your homework. Bar Charts and Frequency Distributions | JMP may help you. c. (0.2 points) Using Graph Builder (in Graph in the toolbar) in the Graph menu, do a scatterplot of “Multiple Choice Year 1” on the x-axis and “Multiple Choice Year 2” on the y-axis. Press Done cut and paste your result into your homework Scatter Plots | JMP may help you

Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions d. (0.2 points) Using Graph Builder, do a histogram of “Multiple Choice Year 1.” And past your result into your homework. e. (0.2 points) Using Graph Builder, do a dotplot with an overlayed boxplot of “Multiple Choice Year 1” and paste your result into your homework. Hint: drag “Multiple Choice Year 1” on the Y axis. Then drag the boxplot icon into the graph.

Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions (0.1 points) Using Graph Builder, do a dotplot with an overlayed boxplot of “Multiple Choice Year 1” BY SEX and paste your result into your homework. Hint: Once you have done the dotplot overlayed with the boxplot, put sex on the x axys. f. (0.1 points) Using Graph Builder in the Graph menu, do a scatterplot of “Multiple Choice Year 1” on the x-axis and “Multiple Choise Year 2” on the y-axis.

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Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Homework #1 Questions Then, add the variable “Sex” to Overlay and Color boxes on the right. Press Done and cut and paste your result in your homework: g. (0.5 points) Based on the results of your analysis in the prior questions, make 3 observations about this data. 1. Females generally score higher on the multiple choice exams than males. This is evident in the box plots showing the distribution of scores by sex, where the median and upper quartile values are higher for females. 2. There is a strong positive correlation between scores on Multiple Choice Year 1 and Multiple Choice Year 2 exams. The scatter plot shows the scores clustering along an upward diagonal line. Students who score high on the Year 1 exam tend to also score high on the Year 2 exam. 3. The histogram of Multiple Choice Year 1 scores shows they are approximately normally distributed, with a peak in the center and symmetric tapering to the lower and upper ends. This suggests performance on this exam conforms to a bell curve, with most students clustered around an average score.

Homework #1 Basics Biostats

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