Milestone 1 - BIO 330

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Nicole Liggiero Milestone one BIO 330 September 10, 2023

For my research paper, I am exploring the endangered species Harpia harpyja or Kemp’s ridley turtle. The smallest and most seriously endangered species of marine turtle is the Kemp's ridley. Adults are barely 70–100 pounds long and 2 feet long. Kemp's ridley sea turtles can be found in the Gulf of Mexico's nearshore seas, bays, and passes in Texas. They primarily eat crabs but also occasionally eat fish, sea jellies, and mollusks ( Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles , n.d.). The first secondary article I have found explains a plan to boost nesting at Padre Island National Seashore and establish a secondary nesting colony of this species there as a preventative measure against extinction. The Padre Island National Seashore is home to more Kemp's ridley nests than any other location in the United States, even though its primary breeding beach is in Mexico ( Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles , n.d.). The continuous growth of a secondary nesting colony would be ideal at Padre Island National Seashore, the nation's longest undeveloped barrier island beach. The most well-liked interpretive event held at the park, Padre Island National Seashore hosts 20 to 25 public releases of Kemp's ridley hatchlings every year. Each release attracts hundreds to more than 1,000 spectators ( Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles , n.d.). The second article I have found is Kemps Ridley Turtle, The article goes on to explain The species is named in honor of Key West, Florida, fisherman Richard M. Kemp, who submitted the specimen for diagnosis in 1906. Although they are mostly found in the Gulf of Mexico, juveniles can occasionally be discovered in the eastern North Atlantic and the Atlantic Ocean as far north as Nova Scotia (Fisheries, 2021). Tens of thousands of females used to nest at Rancho Nuevo, Mexico, and there used to be an abundance of Kemp's ridley in the Gulf of Mexico. Several hundred females were the only ones nesting in the 1980s after the population plummeted in the middle of the twentieth century (Fisheries, 2021).

The first primary article I found on the Kemps ridley turtle explains a quantitative study. The Kemp's ridley sea turtle's historic nesting rates are being quantitatively evaluated in this study (Bevan et al., 2016). The findings of the current study show that Kemp's ridley population decreased by 99.4% from an estimated 121 517 nests per season in 1947 to 702 nests per season in 1985 (the lowest point in the fall of Kemp's ridley nesting). Although Kemp's ridley population has been increasing since the 1985 season, it has recently started to decrease and strayed from its exponential growth pattern (Bevan et al., 2016). 9.9% of the estimated total number of nests that were there in 1947 represents the current level of nesting, which is still quite low. Given current nesting patterns and several factors that can prevent this population's recovery, it is now unclear whether it will reach historic levels (Bevan et al., 2016). The second primary article I have found is Kemp's Ridley Riddle: A Look at Conserving the Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle (Breiling, et al). Even though significant conservation efforts have been made to safeguard this feeble animal, Kemp's Ridley sea turtle is now considered to be severely endangered. The species is in a struggle for survival with several predators, including fishing gear, people, shorebirds, sharks, and feral hogs. In addition to seriously harming the population, pollution and climate change are still preventing species recovery (Breiling, et al). The third primary article I found focuses on the critically endangered status of Kemp's ridley sea turtles that have been established (Jones, 2022). Research that promotes the longevity and preservation of these species is therefore extremely valuable. Sea turtles can be found in carefully controlled environments including zoos, aquariums, and rehabilitation facilities. Better conservation methods may be put into place by the careful analysis of diets and nutrient characteristics in these regulated scenarios. Understanding typical blood fatty acid profiles within species is important for evaluating the efficacy of managed animals' diets since they may serve

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as markers for nutrient status, immunological function, and reproductive health. Blood spot card fatty acid profiles are a very new method of investigation, hence there is little prior study on the nutrition of wild and domesticated animals using this method (Jones, 2022). The fourth primary article I researched is called Network Analysis of Sea Turtle Movements and Connectivity: A Tool for Conservation Prioritization. The structure and functional connections of the sea turtles in our sample were discovered by network analysis at various scales (Kot, et al., 2022). The coordination of management techniques for widely dispersed animals across their geographic range may be aided by these network properties. The majority of networks featured complex architecture, which can increase robustness but may be more challenging to handle changes than simpler forms (Kot, et al., 2022). If area-based conservation efforts were focused on regions where proximity dominates network function, sea turtle populations would benefit. Network vulnerability would be reduced if links with high betweenness were encouraged to be connected to the ocean (Kot, et al., 2022).

References Secondary articles Fisheries, N. (2021, June 29). Kemp’s Ridley Turtle . NOAA. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/kemps-ridley-turtle Kemp’s ridley sea turtles - Padre Island National Seashore (U.S. National Park Service) . (n.d.). https://www.nps.gov/pais/learn/nature/kridley.htm Primary articles BREILING, E., CARLISLE, K., JONES, S., O'CONNOR, A. B. I. G. A. I. L., & POULHAZAN, A. 20. Kemp's Ridley Riddle: A Look at Conserving the Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle. Bio si , 296. Bevan, E., Wibbels, T., Najera, B. M. Z., Sarti, L., Martínez, F., Cuevas, J. M., Gallaway, B. J., Pena, L. J., & Burchfield, P. M. (2016). Estimating the historic size and current status of the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle ( Lepidochelys kempii ) population. Ecosphere , 7 (3). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1244 Jones, H. S., Minter, L. J., Harms, C., Bibus, D., Koutsos, L., & Ange-van Heugten, K. (2022). Fatty acid profiles in managed care green and Kemp’s ridley turtles over time. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens , 3 (4), 545-554. Kot, C. Y., Åkesson, S., Alfaro‐Shigueto, J., Amorocho Llanos, D. F., Antonopoulou, M., Balazs, G. H., ... & Halpin, P. N. (2022). Network analysis of sea turtle movements and connectivity: A tool for conservation prioritization. Diversity and Distributions , 28 (4), 810-829. Chicago

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