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Nicole Liggiero Module 5- Short Paper BIO 330 October 1, 2023

It has become difficult to manage forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands for the benefit of both the environment and society. Forest biodiversity and composition are changing quickly as a result of rising fire size, frequency, and susceptibility to beetle outbreaks and mortality brought on by drought ( Science: Wildfire Impacts , n.d.). Important components of fire regimes are altered by changes in vegetation structure, and these changes have an impact on how biodiversity, groundwater, forestry, recreation, and human safety are managed. The ability of an ecosystem to recover from unusually large patches of high-severity fire can be hampered, potentially jeopardizing the preservation of native biodiversity through the long-term or permanent loss of native vegetation, the spread of non-native, invasive species, and the long-term or permanent loss of vital habitat for native fauna ( Science: Wildfire Impacts , n.d.). Each ecosystem's species and plant communities react to fire differently, although wildfire frequently has a significant impact on the ecology and dynamics of an ecosystem. By minimizing the accumulation of organic waste, releasing nutrients into the soil, and causing modifications in the composition of vegetation communities, fire can work as a catalyst for fostering biological variety and healthy ecosystems ( Wildfires , n.d.). A fire's severity might vary depending on its specific characteristics and how it will affect the ecosystem. Areas that have seen both high and low-severity fires offer numerous advantages to various animal and plant species. For some plant species to continue to exist, wildfires are necessary ( Wildfires , n.d.). For instance, some tree cones require heat to open and release their seeds, while seeds from chaparral plants like manzanita, chamise, and scrub oak need to be burned in order to germinate. These plants have flammable substance in their leaves that feeds the flames and aid in plant growth ( Wildfires , n.d.). These kinds of plants require wildfires to go through their normal life cycle. For the species to survive, certain plants need fire every few years, while others only need it a few

times every century. Additionally, wildfires support a healthy ecosystem. Insects and illnesses that threaten trees can be eliminated by them. Fires can create space for young grasses, herbs, and shrubs that offer food and habitat for animals and birds by clearing out underbrush and scrub ( Wildfires , n.d.). The alteration of wildlife's habitat is the main consequence of fire. Forests and wildlife habitats also change over time and react to perturbations in a similar way to other natural systems (Surviving-Wildfire, 2019). The amount, configuration, and properties of ecosystems vary across the landscape due to fire. There may be a brief shortage of food and shelter right after a fire. It is possible for animal populations to change from species that favor cool, wet environments to those that prefer warm, dry environments (Surviving-Wildfire, 2019). Controlled burns are employed in agriculture for row crop productivity, fodder and lawn management, and forestry. It is simply one of many instruments used in agriculture, along with flood and tillage, to manage stubble and straw left over from the harvest. The crop, the weather at harvest, and the farmer's intentions for the upcoming season all influence what equipment will be utilized. ( Fire as a Crop Management Tool , n.d.).

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References Science: Wildfire impacts . (n.d.). https://wildlife.ca.gov/Science-Institute/Wildfire- Impacts Wildfires . (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/wildfires/ Surviving-Wildfire. (2019, August 27). Wildfire and wildlife habitat – Surviving wildfire . https://surviving-wildfire.extension.org/wildfire-and-wildlife-habitat/ Fire as a crop management tool . (n.d.). Fire as a Crop Management Tool. https://www.uaex.uada.edu/farm-ranch/crops-commercial-horticulture/fire-management- tool/#:~:text=In%20agriculture%2C%20controlled%20burns%20are%20used%20in %20forestry%2C,manage%20stubble%20and%20straw%20leftover%20from%20the %20harvest.

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