2023 Lab 1- Heredity

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New Jersey City University *

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Biology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab 1: Heredity Principles of Biology 2 Fall 2023 Objective: This lab will take you through some background information on Mendel’s inheritance laws as well as pedigrees. The lab will examine the use of the Chi-squared statistic to determine the difference between the observed results and the expected outcomes, to see if your sample organism followed Mendel’s Principles or not. Learning outcomes : Student will be able to (1) identify where a gene, allele, locus is found, (2) explain homozygous and heterozygous, as well as dominant and recessive characteristics, (3) explain Mendel’s two principles, as well as the genotypic and phenotypic ratios that lead Mendel to these conclusions, and (4) use the Chi-squared statistic to calculate significant relationships. Materials: Lab 1 Heredity (from BIOL 131 manual, NJCU), as well as questions and instructions contained in this document. You MUST have your own, clean (no writing on it!) copy of the lab in order to participate. Background: The focus of this lab is an investigation into Mendel’s two principles: The Principle of Segregation and The Principle of Independent Assortment . The Principle of Segregation says that during gamete formation, homologous chromosomes (each with an allele for the gene) separate, giving each gamete one copy (haploid); during fertilization these come together, and the zygote returns to the diploid condition (two alleles for each gene). The Principle of Independent Assortment says that during gamete formation, genes all separate independently of each other and are not linked . (Note: linked genes are an exception to the rule; for lab assume all traits are not linked and are on separate chromosomes) Before class, think about the following questions as they will be relevant to your work and post lab. What is ? What is a genotype, and how does it influence phenotype? What is a monohybrid cross? A dihybrid cross? How are gametes formed and how do alleles separate into gametes? Activity: Complete this in the order listed, as some activities can be done at home if you run out of time. 1. Counting corn- to assess Mendel’s principles in real life, you will use maize (ancient corn). This plant differs in key hereditable characteristics, with a clear dominant and recessive trait. There is purple or yellow corn kernels, with a smooth or wrinkled texture. Take 1 large ear of “monohybrid” corn (different colors) and 1 large ear of “dihybrid” corn (color and texture). Count 100 kernels on each ear. Take note of how many are each color, or each color/shape combination. There are data tables within the this lab sheet you can fill out.
2. Analysis- Does the corn you counted follow Mendel’s principles? Observed versus expected. How can you figure out what is expected? 1:2:1 or 9:3:3:1 ratio. Probability! Fill in these tables to determine what the expected number of kernels of each phenotype is: Phenotype Ratio for Mendel’s Monohybrid Expected (out of 100) Purple 3 75 Yellow 1 25 Phenotype Ratio for Mendel’s Dihybrid Expected (out of 100) Purple Round 9 56.2 Purple wrinkle 3 18.7 Yellow round 3 18.7 Yellow Wrinkle 1 6.25
Now calculate if there is a significant difference between what you expected to see and what you calculated! Fill in tables: Monohybrid Phenotype Expected Observed (Observed- Expected) (Observed- Expected) 2 (Observed- Expected) 2 / Expected Purple 75 53 22 484 6.4 Yellow 25 43 -19 361 14.4 Chi-Squared= add up all the (O-E) 2 /E column on bottom 20.8 Don’t follow Mendel’s law, and don’t support the hypothesis. Dihybrid: Phenotype Expected Observed (Observed- Expected) (Observed- Expected) 2 (Observed- Expected) 2 / Expected Purple round 56.2 43 13.2 174.24 3.1 Purple wrinkle 18.7 27 -8.3 68.89 3.6 Yellow round 18.7 18 0.7 0.49 0.02 Yellow wrinkle 6.2 12 -5.8 33.64 5.4 Chi-Squared= add up all the (O-E) 2 /E column on bottom 12.12 Don’t follow Mendel’s law. What is Chi-Squared? (Read in manual on pages 7-9)
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The Chi-Square statistic looks at the difference between what you expect to see (based on probability and Mendel’s Principles) and what you observed. You will count the corn kernels (using the photos below); this will be your ‘observed’ numbers. But how do you calculate the ‘expected’? It’s based off of the Mendelian phenotypic ratios that were seen in dihybrid crosses— 9:3:3:1. This means you would expect 9/16 ths to be dominant for both traits, 3/16 ths to be dominant for one trait but recessive for the other, 3/16ths to be the opposite (recessive for one trait, dominant for second), and 1/16 th recessive for both traits. Here are some references on Chi Square that may help you: https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel4.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXPBoFDqNVk Video walks you through exactly how to do it. 3. Background information: Complete pages 1-4 (monohybrid) and page 11 (dihybrid) questions in the lab manual. To hand in: 1. Completed lab manual questions (pages 2-5 and 11-12) - if you finish in class, you can just show me then and will not have to upload it. Section 13.1A, 13.1B, 13.2A, 13.2B Skip section 13.1C, 13.3 2. Completed Pre-Lab questions in the lab manual (page 15) - if you finish in class, you can just show me then and will not have to upload it. 3. Completed tables in this document (4 of them) for #2 Analysis- if you finish in class, you can just show me then and will not have to upload it. 4. The remainder of Assignment 1- Questions 11, 12, 13 regarding Chi Square- if you finish in class, you can just show me then and will not have to upload it. (just need to hand back those questions, not entire packet) Post Lab Questions: Answer the following questions and upload to Blackboard by 11:59pm, Friday September 22, 2023. As per syllabus, you have a 2-day grace period in which no late points will be deducted. After 1 week max points 85%, after 2 weeks max points 70%, any time after 3 weeks max points 50%.
1. Suppose students in previous semesters had removed some of the com kernels from the genetic com ears before you counted them. What effect would this have on your results? It would have highly affected my answers. This would’ve affected the number of kernels observed, which means it would have made my result not inaccurate and thrown off my hypothesis, having an incorrect result throughout the entire lab. 2. Explain how Mendel's law of segregation applies to the distribution of alleles in gametes. Mendel's law of segregation explains how every individual has two alleles for every trait, and during the development of gametes which is through meiosis these alleles become segregated in other words, these alleles separate giving one allele per gamete. 3. If you have 2 traits for corn, located on two separate chromosomes, and reproduction occurs between 2 heterozygous individuals (heterozygous for both traits), what are all the possible genotypes that could occur in offspring? (show your work!) B s B BB Bs s Bs ss Traits: Parents: Possible alleles for offspring: 1:2:1 ratio Big Mom: Bs BB Small Dad: Bs Bs ss 4. What were your Chi-square results, and do they support the hypothesis that corn color is an inherited trait? My Chi-square result for the monohybrid cross was 20.8. Which does not support Mendel’s hypothesis for corn color inherited trait. Along with this, for my dihybrid cross my result was 12.12, which also goes beyond the degree of freedom expected, so it doesn’t support Mendel’s hypothesis.