Midterm 2018 - Marking Guide

pdf

School

University of Alberta *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

356

Subject

Biology

Date

Apr 3, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by ElderFinchMaster1059

Page 1 of 10 NUFS 356 Winter 2018 Midterm Exam February 15, 2018 Total marks on exam is 60. Worth 30% (if submitted assignment 1) or 40% of course mark. The order of the questions for Part A and B will be different for each of the exam versions. Answers and the lecture(s) that covered the material are in bold. If applicable, an explanation is provided for why specific answers were incorrect.

Page 2 of 10 Part A: Multiple choice. Answer on the scantron sheet using a pencil. Select the best answer for each question. 16 questions, 1 mark each (16 marks for this section) 1. Which of the following breastmilk components is not synthesized in the mammary gland cells? a.) casein b.) lactose c.) long chain fatty acids (all other options are synthesized in mammary gland cells) d.) medium chain triglycerides Lecture 7 (Breastmilk) 2. Why should solid foods be introduced at 6 months rather than at a younger or older age? a.) ability to digest and absorb nutrients begins at 6 months of age (able to digest and absorb nutrients at birth) b.) ability to chew hard foods is present at 6 months of age (ability to chew hard foods later than 6 months) c.) fat content of breastmilk and formula is not adequate to meet needs at 6 months of age (fat content of breastmilk is higher than most recommended first food sources) d.) risk for iron deficiency is increased if foods are introduced earlier or later than 6 months of age Lectures 6 (Infant Growth and Development), 7 (Breastmilk) and 8 (Introduction to Foods) 3. Which of the following is associated with obesity in men? a.) decreased estrogen (obesity associated with increased estrogen in women and men) b.) increased androgens (increased androgens is associated with obesity in females and is a characteristic of PCOS) c.) decreased testosterone (associated with obesity in men) d.) hypothalamic amenorrhea (refers to absence of menstruation in women) Lecture 2 (Impact of Nutritional Status on Reproduction) 4. Which of the following hormones alters carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during pregnancy? a.) oxytocin (hormone that stimulates let down reflex during lactation) b.) progesterone (hormone that relaxes smooth muscles during pregnancy) c.) chorionic gonadotropin (early pregnancy hormone, little impact metabolism) d.) human placental lactogen (alters carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during pregnancy) Lectures 5 (Pregnancy) and 7 (Breastfeeding and Breastmilk) 5. An individual with the homozygous MSTN gene variant that results in very little or no functioning myostatin would have which of the following body composition phenotypes? a.) high skeletal muscle mass (myostatin inhibits muscle protein synthesis, low amount of inhibition will result in larger muscles without a direct impact on body fat; bully whippets used as an example in lecture) b.) high central (visceral) adiposity c.) absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue d.) low skeletal muscle mass with high body fat Lecture 3 (Role of Genes)

Page 3 of 10 6. The neural tube develops from which germ layer? a.) ectoderm (germ layer that forms the CNS including the neural tube) b.) hypoblast (not a germ layer, is a layer in the flattened disc of blastocyst which develops into the endoderm germ layer) c.) mesoderm (germ layer but does not form the CNS) d.) endoderm (germ layer but does not form the CNS) Lecture 4 (Fetal Nourishment and Development) 7. Which of the following is a change in maternal carbohydrate metabolism that occurs in late pregnancy? a.) increased maternal use of glucose for fuel (decreased in late pregnancy) b.) decreased glucose uptake by maternal tissues (this and other changes in maternal carbohydrate metabolism in late pregnancy promotes glucose availability for fetus) c.) decreased maternal hepatic glucose production (increased in late pregnancy) d.) increased storage of glucose in maternal adipose tissue (occurs in early pregnancy) Lecture 5 (Physiological Changes during Pregnancy) 8. An infant exposed to a high level of glucose during fetal development would be at an increased risk for which of the following? a.) being small-for-gestational age (associated with large-for-gestational age) b.) having low levels of insulin at birth (would have higher insulin at birth due to high glucose availability) c.) having low glycogen stores at birth (would not be low with high glucose availability) d.) developing hypoglycemia after birth (drastic metabolic change at birth from high blood glucose availability to having to regulate blood levels between feedings) Lecture 6 (Infant Growth and Development) 9. Which of the following foods is the best choice for the first food provided to an infant? a.) brown rice (not a source of iron or appropriate texture) b.) mashed beans (iron source and appropriate texture for first food) c.) small pieces of soft fruit (not a source of iron) d.) small pieces of roast beef (source of iron but not appropriate texture for first food) Lecture 8 (Introduction to Foods) 10. How often does Health Canada recommend breastfed infants receive a vitamin D supplement? a.) daily b.) every other day c.) once a week d.) once at birth Lecture 7 (Breastfeeding and Breastmilk)

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Page 4 of 10 11. Which of the following describes nutrigenomics? a.) the effect of dietary intake on gene expression b.) the effect of genetic variation on nutrient needs (nutrigenetics rather than nutrigenomics) c.) the effect of dietary intake on single nucleotide polymorphisms (dietary intake does not change genes) d.) the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms on response to diet (nutrigenetics rather than nutrigenomics) Lecture 3 (Role of Genes) 12. Which of the following blastocyst components secretes proteolytic enzymes to invade the endometrium and absorbs nutrients from lucuane? a.) embryoblast (part of blastocyst that will develop into fetus) b.) trophoblasts (outer layer of blastocyst that secrete proteolytic enzymes needed to invade endometrium and are cells in direct contact with lacunae) c.) inner cell mass (initial form of the embryoblast) d.) blastocystic cavity (cavity of blastocyst that is involved in nutrient transfer) Lecture 4 (Fetal Nourishment and Development) 13. A newborn with a birthweight at the 93 rd percentile for age and weight-for-length at the 50 th percentile would be classified as which of the following? a.) obese (not a term used for assessing birthweight) b.) stunted (would need length-for-age to assess, but based on average proportion of weight for length with high birthweight, most likely not stunted) c.) large-for-gestational age (criteria is birthweight >90 th percentile for gestational age) d.) appropriate-for-gestational age (criteria is birthweight between 10 th and 90 th percentile for gestational age) Lecture 6 (Infant Growth and Development) 14. Which of the following is a contraindication for breastfeeding? a.) mastitis b.) infant colic c.) infant diarrhea d.) active tuberculosis (only option provided that breastfeeding is not recommended if present) Lecture 7 (Breastfeeding) 15. A year old child with a length-for-age at the 10 th percentile and a weight-for-length at the 2 nd percentile would be classified as which of the following? a.) stunted (criteria for stunted is length for age <3 rd percentile) b.) wasted (criteria for wasted is weight-for-length <3 rd percentile) c.) stunted and wasted (does not meet criteria for stunted) d.) severely stunted and wasted (does not meet criteria for severely stunted or severely wasted; <0.1 st percentile for length-for-age and weight-for-length) Lecture 10 (Global Maternal and Infant Health)

Page 5 of 10 16. Compared to cow milk, human breast milk is higher (amount per 100mL) in which of the following nutrients? a.) iron (amount per 100mL lower in breastmilk; 0.02 vs 0.05g) b.) protein (amount per 100mL lower in breastmilk; 0.9 vs 3.3g) c.) lactose (carbohydrates amount per 100mL higher in breastmilk with nearly all carbohydrates lactose; 7.3 vs 4.7g) d.) calcium (amount per 100mL lower in breastmilk; 29 vs 119g) Lectures 7 (Breastmilk) and 8 (Infant Formula) Part B: Fill-in-the-Blank. Answer the following questions using a pen in the space provided (if you use pencil, you cannot submit for re-marking). 12 questions, 1-2 marks per question (14 marks for this section) Note: marks not given if multiple answers written in the blank space 1. Two critical periods that start before the fourth week of the embryonic period are the development of the central nervous system and the ______ cardiovascular_ ___________ system. (1 mark) Lecture 2 (Nutritional Status Prior to Pregnancy) and 4 (Fetal Nourishment and Development) 2. The type of infant formula recommended for infants with galactosemia is ________ soy protein-based _______________. (1 mark) (lactose-free cow milk-based not recommended due to some residual lactose will remain; hydrolyzed formula not recommended since less expensive options are available and hydrolyzed proteins unnecessary for galactosemia) Lecture 8 (Infant Formula) 3. Two micronutrients important in immune function with a low dietary intake in some regions are __ vitamin A (1 mark) ____ and _____ zinc (1 mark)_ ____. (2 marks) (other nutrients could be a correct answer provided it is a micronutrient, important in immune function, and has low dietary intake in some regions) Lecture 10 (Global Maternal and Infant Health) 4. The Health Canada/IOM recommendation for total weight gain during pregnancy in a women with a pre-pregnancy BMI of 26 is from ______ 7 ____ to ___ 11.5 __ kg. (1 mark) Lecture 5 (Physiological Changes during Pregnancy) and 9 (ENRICH guest lecture) 5. Epigenetic modifications can result in changes in phenotype without a change in _____________ genotype _______. (1 mark) Lecture 3 (Role of Genes) 6. Ovulation in females and testosterone production in males is stimulated by ___ luteinizing hormone (LH 0.5) ____ which is released from the anterior pituitary. (1 mark) (LH is involved in both stimulation of ovulation in females and testosterone production in men; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is involved in follicle maturation in females and testosterone production in men, but not ovulation). Lecture 2 (Impact of Nutritional Status on Reproduction)

Page 6 of 10 7. __ 49 __ percent of women in the APrON study gained more than the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy. (1 mark) accepted range of 47-51% Lecture 9 (ENRICH guest lecture) 8. Primitive reflexes needed for an infant to feed immediately after birth are sucking and __ rooting _____. (1 mark) Lecture 6 (Infant Growth and Development) 9. A chromosomal deletion that results in _______ Prader Willi_ _________________ syndrome is characterized by hypothalamic dysfunction, failure to thrive in infancy and food seeking in childhood. (1 mark) 0.5 if PWS or only Prader or Willi Lecture 3 Role of Genes 10. The maternal portion of the placenta is called the ______ decidua (1 mark) ___________ and the fetal portion of the placenta is called the ___ chorionic villus (1 mark) _______. (2 marks) Lecture 4 (Fetal Nourishment and Development) 11. Zinc is highly bioavailable in breastmilk because it is attached to __ protein ______________. (1 mark) Lecture 7 (Breastmilk) 12. Compared to the RDAs during pregnancy, both the carbohydrate and protein RDAs for lactating women are __ higher_ ____ (lower, the same, or higher). (1 mark) Lecture 7 (Breastfeeding and Breastmilk) Part C: Short and Long Answer Questions. Answer the following questions using a pen in the space provided (if you use pencil, you cannot submit for re-marking). 8 questions, 2-6 marks per question (30 marks for this section) 1. Define teratogen. Provide one example of a food source of a teratogen and the teratogen it contains. (2 marks) 1 mark for definition: substances that can increase the incidence/risk of abnormality in embryonic/fetal development 1 mark for a food-teratogen (have to have both food and teratogen, no half marks):  liver and vitamin A (for food can have any vitamin A containing food such as milk even though it is not at a level that would be a concern, but no marks for beta-carotene containing foods (vegetables/fruits), retinoid drugs or supplements)  fish and methyl mercury  beer/wine/liquor and alcohol (or another alcohol containing food/beverage) Lecture 2 (Nutritional Status Prior to Pregnancy)

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Page 7 of 10 2. List the three functions of the placenta and an example for each function. (3 marks) 0.5 marks for function and 0.5 marks for example Endocrine/hormone secretion with any one of the following as example: chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen Metabolism with any one of the following as example: synthesis of glycogen, synthesis of cholesterol, synthesis of fatty acids (had to include synthesis to differentiate from placental transfer) Placental transfer with any one of the following as an example: gases, water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, ketones, antibodies (there are other possible examples) Lecture 4 (Fetal Nourishment and Development) 3. Explain how a low amount of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme activity would increase the risk of having an infant with a neural tube defect. (3 marks) K ey points needed in answer (wording did not need to be exactly as written below but compound names needed to be included in answer): 1 mark: low MTHFR activity would lower the conversion of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofalte to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate 1 mark: less 5-methylTHF available for methyl group transfer to homocysteine 1 mark: results in lower amount of methylation of DNA, protein and lipids which is needed in high amounts during development including neural tube formation Lectures 2 (Nutritional Status Prior to Pregnancy) and 3 (Roles of Genes) 4. A friend who is pregnant wants to breastfeed but she knows several women that were not able to produce enough milk in the first few days after birth. She asks you if this is common. What would you tell her about the breastmilk produced right after birth, the adequacy of the amount produced and how milk production will change over the first few weeks? (3 marks) K ey points needed in answer (wording did not need to be exactly as written below but underlined words had to be included in answer): 1.5 mark for the amount breastmilk produced right after birth and how will change over first few weeks: colostrum produced in first few day, is produced in small volume, will increase over next few weeks/demand will increase supply 1.5 marks for adequacy of colostrum (the main concern): small volume of colostrum is adequate because rich in substances needed, stomach is small, is the first time nutrients are in gut /won’t overwhelm gut Lecture 7 (Breastmilk and Breastfeeding)

Page 8 of 10 5. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and duration of breastfeeding are associated with decreased risk of obesity in early childhood and in lower income countries specifically, decreased risk of infant mortality. Explain how the components of breastmilk could contribute to the reduction in risk for obesity and mortality. (3 marks) K ey points needed in answer (wording did not need to be exactly as written below but underlined words had to be included in answer): 1 mark: Immune factors in breastmilk provide protection from infection and decrease risk mortality 1 mark: Growth factors in breastmilk involved in the regulation of growth which might decrease risk of obesity  OR hormones/peptides in breastmilk involved in regulation of metabolism/appetite which might decrease risk of obesity (but not 2 marks for this and above answer because these hormones/peptides also considered growth factors) 1 mark: Growth factors in breastmilk promote growth/maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and improve gut integrity/protection from infection and decrease mortality Lectures 7 (Breastfeeding and Breastmilk), 8 (Infant Formula and Introduction to Foods), and 10 (Global Maternal and Infant Health) 6. Infant growth charts The following are weight and length measurements for a boy born at full term: 1 month 4.5kg 54cm 3 months 6.4kg 61cm 5 months 7.5kg 65cm a.) Plot month 1, 3 and 5 measurements on the weight-for-length growth chart provided. (2 marks) -0.5 for each length or weight that is not correctly entered ( 0 is the minimum mark, can’t be negative) b.) Is the growth chart that you used for question 6a a growth standard or a growth reference? What is the main difference between a growth standard and a growth reference? (2 marks) 1 mark: chart is a growth standard 1 mark: standard is how should grow/optimal growth; reference is how population is growing Lecture 6 (Infant Growth and Development)

Page 9 of 10 7. Iron a.) What is the RDA for iron during pregnancy (19-30 years of age)? List the three uses of iron that were used to determine how much absorbed iron is needed during pregnancy. (2 marks) 0.5 mark for each of the following:  27mg/d  basal loss  fetus/placenta use  RBC expansion Lecture 5 (Physiological Changes during Pregnancy) b.) What factors increase the risk for iron deficiency during pregnancy in low income countries? (3 marks) 1 mark for each of the following:  low availability of iron foods sources  increased blood/iron loss due to parasites  less time between pregnancies Lecture 10: Global Maternal and Infant Health c.) What is the impact of maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy for the mother and for the infant? (1 mark) 0.5 marks: mother increased risk maternal mortality 0.5 marks: infant low iron stores/iron deficiency, preterm/low birth weight Lectures 6 (Physiological Changes during Pregnancy) and 10 (Global Maternal and Infant Health)

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Page 10 of 10 8. Describe the impact of maternal undernutrition during pregnancy on fetal growth, health risks for the offspring during infancy and the risks of chronic disease in the offspring later in life with considerations to post-natal environment. (6 marks) LAST QUESTION ON EXAM Answer required integration and synthesis of concepts covered over multiple lectures including Lectures 3 (Role of Genes), 5 (Physiological Changes during Pregnancy), 6 (Infant Growth and Development), 9 (ENRICH guest lecture), 10 (Global Maternal and Infant Health). K ey points needed in answer (wording did not need to be exactly as written below but underlined words had to be included in answer): Fetal development ( 2 marks)  reduced fetal growth OR reduced intrauterine growth OR small-for-gestational age  adaptations during fetal development/critical period of development to improve chances of survival results in permanent changes in tissue/organs/structures /metabolism Infancy (2 marks)  low stores of glycogen increases risk hypoglycemia; low adipose tissue impairs body temperature regulation; immune dysfunction Later in life (2 marks)  if post-natal environment is different than predicated during fetal development such as high nutrient availability/obesogenic environment, adaptations made in development increase risk of chronic disease  link a specific fetal adaptation to disease risk (any one as an example, there are potentially others) o Kidney dysfunction/disease related to less nephrons in kidney/smaller kidney o Type 2 diabetes related to lower muscle mass/altered pancreatic cells o CVD related to endothelial function/altered lipid metabolism/dyslipidemia o Osteoporosis related to low bone mineral deposit

Midterm 2018 - Marking Guide

Related Documents