Quiz 4 The Cell Cycle and Cell Junctions Extracellular Matrix

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tructions The quiz: Covers the  Learn  material from  Module 7: Week 7 – Module 8: Week 8 . Contains  50 multiple-choice  questions. Is  limited  to  75   minutes . Allows   1 attempt . Is  worth 125 points . Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on  Friday  of Module 8: Week 8. Attempt History Attempt Time LATEST Attempt 1 63 minutes  Correct answers are hidden. Score for this quiz:  115  out of 125 Submitted Dec 14 at 9:01am This attempt took 63 minutes.   Question 1 2.5 / 2.5 pts If cells that have started mitosis are treated with nocodazole, a drug that depolymerizes microtubules, what would you expect to happen? Where would you expect Mad2 protein to be localized?    The cells would arrest in prometaphase; Mad2 would be localized to the spindle poles.      The cells would arrest in telophase; Mad2 would be localized to the spindle poles.      The cells would immediately enter anaphase, finish mitosis, and enter G 1 ; Mad2 would be localized to the spindle poles.    The cells would arrest in prometaphase; Mad2 would be localized to almost all kinetochores.     
The cells would arrest in telophase; Mad2 would be localized to almost all kinetochores.     Question 2 2.5 / 2.5 pts In the following schematic drawing of a vertebrate prometaphase chromosome as seen under a microscope, indicate whether the chromosome is more likely to be closer to pole A or pole B. Write down A or B as your answer.      A      B     Question 3 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding cytokinesis in animal cells. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. TFFF. (  ) The force for cytokinesis is generated by kinesin motors on microtubule bundles that form the contractile ring. (  ) As the contractile ring constricts, its thickness increases to keep a constant volume. (  ) The midbody forms from bundles of actin and myosin II. (  ) Local activation of Ran GTPase triggers the assembly and contraction of the contractile ring.    TFFF      FTFF  
   FFFF      TTTF      FTFT     Question 4 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding meiosis in eukaryotic cells. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. TFFF. (  ) Bivalents form before prophase I. (  ) Crossing-over begins before the synaptonemal complex assembly. (  ) Chiasmata can first be seen under the microscope after the disassembly of the synaptonemal complexes. (  ) All recombination events lead to crossovers.    FTTF      TFFT      FTFT      TTTF      FTFF     Question 5 2.5 / 2.5 pts
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Mammalian Cdk inhibitor proteins (CKIs) can be grouped into two families based on their structural and functional differences. The Cip/Kip family proteins (e.g. p21) have a broad binding specificity. These proteins bind preferentially to already formed cyclin– Cdk complexes and thus enhance complex formation. However, they inhibit the kinase activity of most complexes (e.g. S-Cdks), except in the case of G 1 -Cdk complexes where no inhibition occurs. Consequently, Cip/Kip family proteins have an overall positive effect on Cdk4/6 activity due to their help in bringing the subunits together. In contrast, the inhibitors of the INK4 family (e.g. p16) bind only to the Cdk subunit of G 1 - Cdks and prevent binding of both the G 1  cyclins and the Cip/Kip family CKIs. Based solely on these findings, would you expect p16 to activate (A) or inactivate (I) the S- Cdks in the presence of limited amounts of p21?    Activate      Inactivate     Question 6 2.5 / 2.5 pts Type IV collagen molecules can interact at their C-termini to form dimers and at their N- termini to form tetramers. What category do you think this type of collagen belongs to?    Fibrillar      Fibril-associated      Network-forming      Proteoglycan core      Anchorage fibril    
Question 7 2.5 / 2.5 pts The following schematic drawing shows two integrin molecules. Which molecule (a or b) is depicted in its active configuration? Which side of the plasma membrane (1 or 2) represents the cytosol?      a; 1      a; 2      b; 1      b; 2     Question 8 2.5 / 2.5 pts Formin nucleates the growth of parallel actin bundles in the cell. Additionally, myosin motor activity is positively regulated by phosphorylation. The monomeric G protein RhoA is important in cytokinesis, because it directly or indirectly …    activates formins and inactivates myosin light-chain phosphatase.  
   inactivates formins and activates myosin light-chain kinases.      activates formins as well as myosin light-chain phosphatases.      inactivates formins as well as myosin light-chain kinases.      None of the above.   27.In most mammalian cells, low M-cyclin protein levels are maintained during G 1  phase. What is mainly responsible for maintaining these low levels? a. Cdc20–APC/C *b.Cdh1–APC/C c. Skp2–SCF d. β-trCP–SCF e. p27   Question 9 2.5 / 2.5 pts How is centrosome duplication similar to DNA replication?    They both use a semiconservative mechanism.      They are initiated at around the same time in the cell cycle, near the G 1 /S transition.    They are both controlled in such a way that they replicate once and only once per cell cycle.      They are both separated from their sister copies in mitosis.      All of the above.  
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  Question 10 2.5 / 2.5 pts In a multicellular organism such as a mammal, loss-of-function mutations in many genes can contribute to the development of cancer. These genes are therefore called tumor suppressors. In their absence, the cell fails to stop progression through the cell cycle under conditions in which normal cells would arrest, paving the way for tumorigenesis. Indicate whether each of the following proteins is (Y) or is not (N) expected to be the product of a tumor suppressor gene based on its function in the cell cycle. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters Y and N only, e.g. YNNN. (  ) Rb (  ) Myc (  ) p53 (  ) p21    YNNY      YNYY      NYYY      NNNY      YYNN     Question 11 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate whether each of the following descriptions better applies to connective (C) or epithelial (E) tissues. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters C and E only, e.g. EEEE. (  ) Cells are usually distributed sparsely in the extracellular matrix. (  ) Gap junctions are rarely found. (  ) Direct cell–cell attachments are common. (  ) Cells are tightly associated into sheets.
   CCEE      CEEC      CCCE      CECE      ECCE     Question 12 2.5 / 2.5 pts A giant aggrecan aggregate can have a molecular mass of 10 8  daltons or more, and can be as large as a bacterium. Its structure resembles a brush. What is responsible for attaching the bristles of the brush to its core?    Covalent bonds between aggrecan core protein and keratan or chondroitin sulfate.      Noncovalent bonds between aggrecan core protein and keratan or chondroitin sulfate.      Covalent bonds between aggrecan core protein and hyaluronan.      Noncovalent bonds between aggrecan core protein and hyaluronan.     Question 13 2.5 / 2.5 pts
You have isolated epithelial cells from mouse mammary glands and have grown them in a three-dimensional gelatinous matrix in the presence or absence of a specific inhibitor that targets a transmembrane metalloprotease. The protease is capable of cleaving cadherin near the base of its extracellular domain to release an N-terminal fragment containing the extracellular cadherin domains. The distribution of the cells in the matrix, as seen under a light microscope, one day after the transplantation of the isolated tissue is presented in the following schematic drawings. Which condition (1 or 2) do you think corresponds to the presence of the protease inhibitor?      1      2     Question 14 2.5 / 2.5 pts In the following schematic diagram of a simple columnar epithelium lining the digestive tract, indicate which position (A to F) along the basal–apical axis better corresponds to each of the following features. Your answer would be a six-letter string composed of letters A to F only, e.g. FEDABC.
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  (  ) Basal lamina (  ) Cell apex (  ) Adherens junctions (  ) Gap junctions (  ) Hemidesmosomes (  ) Tight junctions    ABCEDF      BACDEF      DFECAB      FACDEB      DECAFB     Question 15
2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following is true regarding fibril-associated collagens such as type IX collagen?    They aggregate with one another to form long fibrils in the extracellular space.      They lack the triple-stranded helical structure found in other collagens.      They are more flexible than collagens of types I to IV.      They are the most common among collagens.      All of the above.     Question 16 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following cell populations in our body has the highest mitotic index?    Neurons      Hepatocytes      Red blood cells      Fibroblasts      Skeletal myocytes
    Question 17 2.5 / 2.5 pts A cell has been subjected to ultraviolet irradiation, causing a significant number of mutations in the genome. Which of the following would you NOT expect to occur as a result?    Activation of the protein kinase ATR      Activation of the protein kinase Chk1      Inactivation of the protein phosphatase Cdc25      Binding of p53 to Mdm2      Stabilization of p53     Question 18 2.5 / 2.5 pts Imagine a prometaphase chromosome pair that is attached to one spindle pole. Which of the following would happen if both arms of the chromosome were severed with a strong laser beam?    All chromosome fragments (the centromere-containing fragment and the arm fragments) would be pushed away from the pole.      Only the two arm fragments would be pulled toward the pole. The kinetochore- containing fragment would remain stationary.     
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The kinetochore-containing fragment would be pulled toward the pole. The two arm fragments would move away from the pole.      The kinetochore-containing fragment would move away from the pole, but the two arm fragments would be pulled toward the pole.      All chromosome fragments would be pulled toward the pole.     Question 19 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding integrin signaling. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. TFTT. (  ) Integrins usually bind their ligands with a higher affinity compared to other cell- surface receptors. (  ) Unlike cadherins, integrins usually function as individual dimers and do not cluster. (  ) Anchorage dependence is mainly mediated via integrin signaling. (  ) Integrins can activate the Ras–MAPK pathway.    FTFF      FTTT      FTFT      FFTT      TFFT     Question 20 2.5 / 2.5 pts
Mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that lack the gene encoding securin can divide more or less normally by mitosis, without significant chromosome segregation defects. Cells harboring a nondegradable version of securin, on the other hand, arrest in metaphase as expected, since they cannot activate separase to enter anaphase. Similarly, cells lacking Cdc20 arrest in metaphase, since they cannot activate APC/C. Finally, cells lacking both securin and Cdc20 arrest in anaphase: they manage to separate sister chromatids, but do not progress much further. These results suggest that in wild-type cells, …    degradation of securin is necessary to trigger sister-chromatid separation.      degradation of securin is sufficient to trigger sister-chromatid separation.      Cdc20–APC/C is NOT necessary for sister-chromatid separation.      Cdc20–APC/C is NOT necessary for later events in anaphase.      All of the above.     Question 21 2.5 / 2.5 pts
Which of the time points (A to E) in the following schematic drawing of the mammalian cell cycle represents the restriction point?      A      B      C      D      E     Incorrect Question 22 0 / 2.5 pts Selectins …    mainly mediate cell–matrix attachments.  
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   are members of the Ig superfamily of cell adhesion molecules.      do NOT require Ca 2+ for their adhesive function, unlike integrins.    are carbohydrate-binding proteins.      All of the above.     Question 23 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following simplified diagrams better shows the changes in the concentrations of three major cyclin–Cdk complexes (G 1 /S-Cdk, S-Cdk, and M-Cdk) in the cell in different stages of the cell cycle?      A  
   B      C      D      E     Question 24 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate whether each of the following phosphorylation events typically activates (A) or inactivates (I) the protein that is being phosphorylated. Your answer would be a four- letter string composed of letters A and I only, e.g. IIIA. (  ) Phosphorylation of Cdc25 by M-Cdk (  ) Phosphorylation of condensin subunits by M-Cdk (  ) Phosphorylation of kinesin-5 by Aurora-A (  ) Phosphorylation of Ndc80 subunits by Aurora-B    AIAI      AAAI      AIIA      IAAA      AIAA  
  Question 25 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which one of the following chromosomes has formed stable attachment(s) to the spindle microtubules?      A      B      C      D      E     Incorrect Question 26 0 / 2.5 pts
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Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding cadherins. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. TFTT. (  ) Cadherins are present in all multicellular organisms. (  ) Adhesion by cadherins is dependent on Ca 2+  ions. (  ) In contrast to nonclassical cadherins, classical cadherins are more closely related in sequence. (  ) E, N, and P cadherins are mainly found in desmosomes.    FTFT      FTTF      TFFT      FTFF      FTTT     Incorrect Question 27 0 / 2.5 pts In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the proteins Cut1 and Cut2 form a complex that is catalytically inactive. At the onset of anaphase, Cut2 is polyubiquitylated by a large E3 complex containing Cut4, Cut9, Cut23, and other proteins, and is subsequently destroyed. Cut1 then cleaves Rad21, a non-SMC component of a complex that also contains two SMC proteins, thus allowing sister-chromatid separation. Mutations in the cut genes lead to the cut phenotype, in which the cell attempts cytokinesis without chromosome segregation. Indicate which of the following proteins or protein complexes corresponds to or contains the product of the genes cut1 (A), cut2 (B), cut4 (C), and rad21 (D). Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters A to D only, e.g. DCAB. (  ) Securin (  ) Cohesin (  ) Anaphase-promoting complex (  ) Separase DACB
  Question 28 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which stage is usually the longest in meiosis?    Prophase I      Prometaphase I      Telophase I      Prophase II      Prometaphase II     Question 29 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following cell junctions uses cadherin cell adhesion molecules to anchor the actin cytoskeleton?    Tight junction      Adherens junction      Desmosome      Hemidesmosome  
   Gap junction   40.Which of the following is NOT an anchoring junction? a. Adherens junction b. Desmosome c. Actin-linked cell–matrix junction d. Hemidesmosome *e. Tight junction   Question 30 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding the interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix using matrix receptors. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. TFTT. (  ) Integrins are the only known matrix receptors in animal cells. (  ) Integrins can transmit signals in both directions across the membrane; that is, both outside-in and inside-out. (  ) Tension can increase the binding affinity of an integrin for its intracellular and extracellular ligands. (  ) Integrins can convert molecular signals into mechanical ones.    FTFT      FTTT      TFFT      FTTF      TFTT     Question 31 2.5 / 2.5 pts
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Neuromuscular junctions of vertebrates are special types of chemical synapses formed from close association between motor neuron axon terminals and muscle fibers. A thin layer of basal lamina separates the two cell membranes at the neuromuscular junction and is important for its organization and maintenance. Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in the basal lamina in these structures?    Nidogen      Laminin      Type I collagen      Type IV collagen      Perlecan     Question 32 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following is more directly driven by active M-Cdk?    Centrosome maturation      Centrosome duplication      Nuclear envelope reassembly      Inactivation of APC/C     
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Cell cleavage     Question 33 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following events occurs in mitotic metaphase?    Nuclear envelope breakdown      Nuclear envelope reassembly      Chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules for the first time      Chromosome alignment at the spindle equator      Mitotic spindle assembly     Question 34 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate whether each of the following descriptions better applies to the intracellular (I) or extracellular (E) domain of integrins. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters I and E only, e.g. EEEE. (  ) It binds to talin. (  ) It binds to the RGD tripeptide motif. (  ) It is bulkier. (  ) It contains divalent cation-binding domains.    IEEE      IEIE  
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   EIEE      IEEI      EIEI     Question 35 2.5 / 2.5 pts Consider two kinesin motor proteins at the mitotic spindle midzone: kinesin-5 is a tetrameric motor that walks toward the plus end of both microtubules to which it is attached via its motor domains; kinesin-14, on the other hand, walks toward the minus end of one microtubule while it is attached to another microtubule via its tail domain. How do these motors affect the length of the spindle?    They both work to shorten the spindle.      Kinesin-5 works to shorten the spindle whereas kinesin-14 works to lengthen it.      Kinesin-5 works to lengthen the spindle whereas kinesin-14 works to shorten it.      They both work to lengthen the spindle.     Question 36 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding cellular control of growth and division. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. TFTF. (  ) Replicative cell senescence usually arises due to the accumulation of mutations in genes encoding S- and M-cyclins. (  ) Replicative cell senescence is caused by the induction of apoptosis by p53. (  ) Excessive mitogenic stimulation can result in Mdm2 activation and the induction of
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apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest. (  ) The Mdm2 inhibitor Arf induces cell-cycle progression.    TFFT      TTFT      FFFF      FTTF      FFFT     Question 37 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding mitosis and the changes that it brings about compared to interphase. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. TFTF. (  ) Microtubules become greatly stabilized in mitosis compared to interphase. (  ) The number of γ-tubulin ring complexes in the centrosomes increases greatly during mitosis compared to interphase. (  ) Chromosomes stabilize mitotic microtubules through activation of Ranmonomeric G protein. (  ) A bipolar spindle can be formed even in the absence of centrosomes.    FTTT      FTFT      TFTT  
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   FTTF      TFTF     Question 38 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following events contributes to driving the mammalian cell past the restriction point of the cell cycle?    Phosphorylation of Cdh1–APC/C by G 1 /S-Cdk    Destruction of CKIs that target S-Cdks      Phosphorylation of Rb by G 1 -Cdk, G 1 /S-Cdk, and S-Cdk    Activation of E2F gene expression by active E2F protein      All of the above     Question 39 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which collagens are the most common in our body?    Fibrillar      Fibril-associated      Network-forming
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     Proteoglycan core      Anchorage fibril     Question 40 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following extracellular matrix components contains a transmembrane protein?    Type I collagen      Perlecan      Aggrecan      Syndecan      Decorin     Question 41 2.5 / 2.5 pts The cell cycle can be arrested in mitosis when a single sister-chromatid pair is mono- oriented on the mitotic spindle. If at this point a glass microneedle is used to pull the mono-oriented chromosome toward the pole to which it is not attached, the cell proceeds to anaphase. This observation confirms that …    mono-oriented chromosomes are stable.  
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   mechanical tension drives the formation of bi-oriented chromosomes.      bi-oriented chromosomes activate the spindle assembly checkpoint.      lack of mechanical tension at the kinetochore in at least one chromosome prevents entry into anaphase.      mechanical tension at the kinetochore in at least one chromosome is required for entry into anaphase.     Question 42 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate whether each of the following descriptions better applies to a Wee1 protein (W) or a Cdc25 protein (C). Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters W and C only, e.g. WWCW. (  ) It is a protein kinase. (  ) It activates M-Cdk complexes. (  ) It is activated by M-Cdk complexes. (  ) Its loss in fission yeast results in small cell size.    WCWC      WCCW      CWCC      WCCC      CCCW
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    Incorrect Question 43 0 / 2.5 pts How is hyaluronic acid different from other glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix?    It lacks sulfate groups.      It is generally not covalently linked to proteins.      It is not assembled in the Golgi apparatus.      It can be several megadaltons in mass.      All of the above.   47.In the following schematic drawings of aggrecan and decorin, which one (1 or 2) corresponds to aggrecan? Which one (1 or 2) is synthesized primarily by chondrocytes in cartilage? a. 1; 1 b. 1; 2 c. 2; 1 *d. 2; 2   Question 44 2.5 / 2.5 pts Which division in meiosis is more similar to mitosis? In which division do sister chromatids separate from each other?    Meiosis I; meiosis I  
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   Meiosis I; meiosis II      Meiosis II; meiosis I      Meiosis II; meiosis II     Question 45 2.5 / 2.5 pts Resveratrol is a natural compound found in red grapes (and red wine) and is thought to have beneficial effects in mammals, such as preventing tumor growth and delaying age- related diseases. In vitro, resveratrol and its derivatives have been shown to cause cell- cycle arrest in S phase and induce apoptosis. You have analyzed the DNA content of cultured cells in the presence and absence of these drugs using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Compared with control cells (dashed line), which of the following curves do you think better represents the DNA content of cells treated with these compounds?  
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   A      B      C      D      E   3.Sort the following schematic diagrams (A to F) to reflect the order of events in a typical eukaryotic M phase. An interphase cell in G 2  phase is drawn on the left for comparison. Your answer would be a six-letter string composed of letters A to F only, e.g. BCEADF. *a.CFEDAB b.DFACEB c.AFECDB d.CEFADB e.BADEFC   Question 46 2.5 / 2.5 pts Multidomain glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix have binding sites for many other macromolecules. These glycoproteins …    can serve as tracks along which cells can migrate.      can bind to growth factors and influence cell signaling.      can bind to cell-surface receptors.
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     can serve as repellents to forbid cell migration.      All of the above.     Question 47 2.5 / 2.5 pts Consider two mammalian cells, one in G 1  and the other in G 0  (stationary) phase. If they are stimulated to pass the restriction point by the addition of an extracellular proliferation signal, but the signal is then immediately removed, what would you expect to happen?    Both cells will replicate their DNA.      Only the G 1  cell will replicate its DNA.    Only the G 0  cell will replicate its DNA.    Only the G 1  cell will start to replicate its DNA, but will stop halfway through the replication and will not reach G 2 .    Neither of the cells will replicate their DNA.     Question 48 2.5 / 2.5 pts Plasmodesmata in plant cells are functionally similar to animal cells’ …    adherens junctions.      desmosomes.  
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   gap junctions.      hemidesmosomes.      tight junctions.   44.In insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, electrical synapses are abundant in the ventral nerve cord. Unlike a chemical synapse, the cytosols of pre- and postsynaptic cells in an electrical synapse are connected, allowing action potentials to spread rapidly and without delay. What junctional proteins in the flies are chiefly responsible for this unique feature of the electrical synapses? a. Cadherins b. Claudins c. Connexins *d. Innexins e. Integrins   Question 49 2.5 / 2.5 pts The microtubule-binding protein Patronin binds to the minus ends of microtubules at the spindle pole and protects them from the effect of catastrophe factors. If Patronin activity is inhibited by injecting an anti-Patronin antibody into Drosophila melanogaster embryos prior to cellularization, anaphase B is suppressed and the spindles are significantly shorter. Which of the forces (1 or 2) in the following schematic diagram do you think is mostly responsible for anaphase B in this organism at this stage? Does the effect of Patronin inhibition resemble that of kinesin-5 inhibition (I) or overactivation (O)?      1; I      1; O
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     2; I      2; O     Question 50 2.5 / 2.5 pts Indicate whether each of the following, when active, tends to activate (A) or inactivate (I) M-Cdks. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters A and I only, e.g. IIAI. (  ) M-Cdk (  ) Cdc20–APC/C (  ) Cdh1–APC/C (  ) Sic1    AIAI      IAIA      AIIA      AIII      AIAA   Quiz Score:  115  out of 125
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Understanding Health Insurance: A Guide to Billin...
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9781337679480
Author:GREEN
Publisher:Cengage
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