Mid-term Exam 1, Spring 2022

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Coastal Carolina Community College *

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168

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 BIO 434 – Midterm exam #1 Spring 2022 Instructor – John Godwin 8 pages and 65 possible points – please check your exam copy to be sure it is complete Name: __________________ Signature: _______________________ Please try to answer questions concisely in the spaces provided below each question (more space is provided than should be necessary in places just due to formatting needs ) . For questions where you have a choice of which part to answer (most here), please be sure to clearly indicate which you are choosing. Short Answer Section (terms and people) – For 5 of the listings below, briefly define or describe the relevance of the term for behavioral endocrinology. For people, briefly state the contribution of the person listed. (2 pts each, 10 pts total) Paracopulatory behaviors Intersexual selection Bisphenol A Frank Beach Plainfin Midshipman TSCA Anti-Mullerian Hormone FoxL2 Conditioned Place Preference 5 a -reductase Endocrine Disruptor Alfred Jost

2 History and Behavioral Biology – Please answer ONE of the following the following questions (10 pts) A) Please describe what is widely considered to be the first controlled experiment in behavioral endocrinology. Who did the experiment? (1 pt) What common animal agricultural practice of the time inspired the experiment? (1 pt) What species was used? (1 pt, common name is fine). What treatment groups were included? (3 pts) Briefly state the key results observed for each group (3 pts) Finally, what did this experimenter propose as a hypothetical (at the time) physiological mechanism to explain his results? (1 pt) B) In 1956, Frankie Lymon had a 'mega-hit' with Why Do Fools Fall in Love (covered frequently since then) in which he asked "Why do birds sing?" ? In 1963, a famous behavioral biologist proposed different ways in which this question could be analyzed. Who was this biologist and what particularly notable recognition (the highest possible for a scientist actually) did they receive for their scientific contributions? (2 pts) List the ways or 'levels' they proposed for analyzing behavior and briefly explain each as applied to the analysis of singing by birds (8 pts).

3 General Principles and Approaches of Behavioral Endocrinology - Please answer ONE of the following questions (6 pts) A) What are three general ways in which hormones can affect the display of a behavior? (3 pts; hint: think about the general anatomical organization of the nervous system here). Give an example for each of these based on studies discussed in class or others you may know about (3 pts). B) What are the three things an investigator should demonstrate or attempt to demonstrate to establish a link between a given behavior and a hormone? (3 pts) Pick examples of a real hormone and a behavior of interest and explain briefly how you would test these criteria for a hormone-behavior link in the system you choose (3 pts).

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4 Sex and Sex Differences – Please answer ONE of the following questions (6 pts) A) Most organisms reproduce sexually, but this is actually a little surprising because of the costs borne by a sexually reproducing female relative to an asexually reproducing female. List and briefly explain one of the two costs we discussed (3 pts). Given these costs, there are assumed to be benefits that offset these costs (or else we wouldn't see sexual reproduction probably). List and briefly explain one of these benefits of sexual reproduction, ideally with an example (3 pts). B) In mammals, the ovaries and testes develop from the same bipotential embryonic structure – what is the name of this structure? (1 pt) Briefly describe the key difference in development when this structure becomes an ovary vs. a testis (2 pts). What gene acts as the key 'switch' determining ovary vs. testes development in this structure? (1 pt) Lastly, which ducts develop and which instead degenerate in a female mammal's development? (2 pts)

5 Natural Experiments and Sexual Phenotype Development – Please answer the following question (6 pts) Some naturally occurring phenomena can be viewed as 'natural experiments' that can provide insight into hormonal actions on sexual development. Pick either the example of freemartins or intrauterine position effects to answer the following questions: A) Give the species the phenomenon is observed in (more than one is possible for intrauterine position effects) (1 pt) B) Describe the phenomenon briefly (2 pts) C) Name the hormone or class of hormones that causes the developmental effects (1 pt) D) Describe two of the documented effects on sexual differentiation that have been observed in the example you choose (2 pts).

6 Organization and Activation – Please answer the following question (12 pts) Describe the key original experiment leading to the understanding of organizational and activational effects of hormones and answer/describe the following: A) Who was the primary investigator? (1 pt) B) What species was used? (1 pt) C) What was the basic design of the experiment: what did they do? (1 pt), what were the experimental groups (3 pts), and what behaviors did they measure in adulthood? (2 pts) D) What were two of the primary results of the experiment? (2 pts) E) What were two of the major conclusions drawn from these results? (2 pts)

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7 Male Sexual Behavior – Please answer ONE of the following questions (8 pts) A) The popular, layperson perception is that estrogens are 'female' hormones. Focusing on male sexual behavior in rodents as your example, how would you explain that this is not true? Starting from testosterone released from the testes, explain what happens to this testosterone (1 pt), which enzyme mediates this change (1 pt), what general type of hormone receptor the hormone then binds to (or could be specific with the two main forms of this receptor we discussed) (1 pt), and name the critical brain region where this hormone-receptor binding and then hormone action needs to take place for the display of male sexual behavior (1 pt). Give one piece of correlative evidence and one piece of experimental evidence that this brain region really is critical for this hormonal action on the display of male sexual behavior (2 pts each). B) It has been said that at least most mammals have both a 'survival nose' and a 'sexual nose' (the existence and function of the latter in humans remains controversial) . What are these two systems? (1 pt each) How do they differ in terms of how information gets into the brain and where it goes? (think about the 'wiring diagram' or circuit - where those neurons come from and go to in the brain) (2 pts each) Lastly, how could you experimentally test the importance of a particular brain area in this circuit for the display of male typical sexual behavior? (2 pts; note that there is more than one possibility for an experimental approach that would be correct here )

8 Female Sexual Behavior – answer ONE of the following questions (7 pts) A) If you are a talented geneticist, you can eliminate the function of particular genes in the body and/or brain. Imagine you are tasked with effectively blocking female sexual behavior in a rat using genetic methods. What brain area is the most critical for the display of female sexual behavior? (1 pt). From the hormone receptors we have discussed, what are two you could target that you would predict would disrupt female sexual behavior? (1 pt each) Now imagine you are successful with your genetic manipulation, but need to test whether you have been successful in blocking sexual behavior. What specific behavior would you test for (1 pt), what specifically would you measure (1 pt), and what would your predicted result be if your genetic manipulation was successful? (1 pt) What would be your control group for this genetic manipulation? (1 pt) B) Unlike many behavioral phenomena of interest, motivation is not something that can be observed directly. If you wanted to measure the effect of a hormonal treatment on sexual motivation in a female mammal, how would you go about it? For this question - Pick a hormone known to affect female sexual behavior (1 pt) - Briefly describe how you would experimentally manipulate levels of this hormone (1 pt) - Briefly describe how you would measure motivation to engage in sexual behavior (2 pts) - Describe your experimental group (or groups) (1 pt) - Describe what your control group would be (1 pt) - Lastly, describe what the predicted result(s) of your hormonal manipulation would be on sexual motivation (1 pt).

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