Germs Everywhere Part 4_2020.docx

Pre-Lab(due @beginning of lab) First and Last Name: Guru Macha Exemplar Figure Legend for Fig. 1 with components highlighted: Scope, experiment, data presentation, results, and statistical information 1. Use the example from Figure and legend 1. In your own words, describe what is meant by a. Scope- Background information that explains the focus of the experiment and the extent of what were trying to investigate b. Experiment- What was conducted and what treatment was applied to test the scope and hypothesis c. Data presentation- The graphs and information that represents/explains the conclusions and results from the experiment

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 2 of 14 d. Results- The reflection and analysis of the outcome after the experiment has been performed e. Statistical information- The statistical importance of the experiment and whether or not the experiment can be generalized 2. Use the above figure legend to CIRCLE AND LABEL the portions that relate to the following terms. If any are missing, explain what should be added to the legend. a. Scope- Missing, they must include a correlation between the toad’s heart rate and the treatment, as well as the correlation between the drugs and the correlation they have between each other b. Experiment- Although it's unknown how the experiment was carried out and the data was gathered, the mean SEM heart rate does reveal what information was being gathered(*Mean ± heart rate of the toad during no treatment(baseline 1&2), treatment with noradrenaline alone, propranolol alone or a combination of noradrenaline and propranolol*). c. Data presentation- While the viewer is given information about what is present and how the data is presented, the data's visual presentation is not mentioned in the legend(*Mean ± heart rate of the toad during no treatment(baseline 1&2),

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 4 of 14 I. COLLECTING YOUR DATA Do not open the ziplock bag Remember these are live bacteria cultures. We have no idea what type of bacteria has grown – it could be pathogenic. Care must be taken to avoid contact with the cultures. You can maneuver the plates to see what is in them through the bag, WITHOUT opening it. During all data collection, you should always be thinking about how you can avoid bias. Are you gathering your data in any way that could impact your results? If so, this could degrade the value of the science you are doing by impacting your reliability of your results. Potential sources of bias will differ depending on your study design. Prior to beginning data collection, discuss the ways you could bias your results and how to avoid them. Call your TA over to help if necessary. You might find that you need to be more specific in the dependent variable that you chose during your experimental design. Cell phone cameras should be used to capture images of the work you do (data collection procedures, colonies on plates, etc.) for use in your final report. Such images can be very helpful in effectively communicating your methods and results to others. Data collection can be tedious. Divide roles so that everyone can be involved and help, but be sure to keep the same roles the entire time (changing cell counters can be a source of error in your counts). Record your data on the sheet provided. It should be neat and legible to others. At least one dependent variable must be quantitative (numbers) Plate #: Group (Exp, Control, +Ctl, -Ctl) Dependent Variable #1 (what is being measured): # of cultures___________ Dependent Variable #2 (what is being measured): size _______________ Dependent Variable #3 (what is being measured): color_____________ 1 Soap and outer door handle 19 lots of bigger or medium sized cultures. Some smaller ones. Mostly a dull yellowish brown but a couple had hints of orange. 2 Soap and fountain 5 3 tiny cultures, 1 large one and 1 medium ones Some yellow brown with some orange and one was orange 3 hand sanitizer and door handle 31 lots of clumped cultures, many were bigger parts with a couple small cultures Many were yellow-brown but a couple were becoming orange 4 hand sanitizer and fountain 7 All either bigger or medium sized with one clump most had hints of orange that were faint, one was orange 7 Negative control 0 N/A N/A 8 Positive control 0 N/A N/A

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 5 of 14 After you have gathered all necessary data and taken pictures, you can discard your plates in the biohazard bag. II. ANALYZING YOUR DATA II.1 If appropriate, calculate the mean and standard deviation for your data. See this video for instructions to calculate Mean and Standard Deviation using Excel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhQiJixujEI Mean Standard Deviation Control Group or Experimental Group 1 12 9.9 Experimental Group 2 19 16.97 REPORTING YOUR RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS To effectively communicate experimental results, the results must be as clear and as easy to understand as possible. A good way to do this is to visualize your results with charts and graphs. For detailed instructions on how to create these visuals for your presentation in addition to calculating means and standard deviations using Microsoft Excel, see the handout “An introduction to Microsoft Excel.”

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 7 of 14 VI. COMMUNICATING YOUR EXPERIMENT - RESULTS Draw a graph of your data and discuss your analysis with your TA. You should make the simplest graph that still includes all of your data. For example, you must include bars for positive and negative controls individually (do not average these). However, you can graph the mean of your experimental groups and add error bars to represent the standard deviation. Include an overall title, axes titles and labels. If you prefer to draw your graph using excel, no problem. You just need to upload your graph to blackboard IN THE SAME SUBMISSION as this document: VI Create a figure legend for your graph. a. Title– Hand Sanitizer and Hand Soap Effects On E.Coli Derived from Surfaces b. Method – We were comparing what out of Hand Sanitizer and Hand Soap cleaned off your hands after touching germinated surfaces better. We touched door handles and fountains and washed our hands with each cleaning agent to see which one cleaned better. c. Results – We observed that Hand Soap cleaned off bacteria better than Hand Sanitizer off of both surfaces(19(Soap)/31(Sanitizer) for Door Handle and 5(Soap)/7(Soap) for Water Fountain) Write your figure legend here:

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 8 of 14 VII Write your conclusions to your experiment. Refer back to your hypothesis. Did you results support or refute your hypothesis? Remember, as scientists, some of the most important discoveries have come when our results do NOT support our hypothesis. So we don’t want to have bias in our interpretation. You will not be judged on the results of your experiment, even if you completely screwed up. You will be evaluated on how you explain your results and the depth of your interpretation of your results. Be sure to explain all parts of your data … not just the “easy-to-explain” parts. Our results do in fact support the hypothesis. This was proved by our data as when looking at the growths of cultures, there were more cultures for both of the plates that had used hand sanitizer than there were on the plates that used hand soap. To be exact, there were 31 cultures on the door handle when using hand sanitizer versus 19 when using hand soap. For the other surface, there were 7 cultures when using hand sanitizer versus 7 when using hand soap.

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 10 of 14 IX. Extend your conclusions . Can your finding be generalized beyond this single experiment? Why or why not? For example, if you found more bacteria on the door handle than the table, is this likely to be true of all door handles versus all tables? If not, what conditions might apply? All lab door handles versus all lab tables? Or just Biology lab door handles versus Biology lab tables? What about just BIOL 101 lab door handles / tables? What makes sense based on your data? What does this data mean to you and your everyday life? Consider washing your hands more frequently? What about where you consider putting food and drink? Think deeply on these extensions. I do not believe that our findings cannot be generalized beyond this experiment because of the kind of soap and the kind of hand sanitizer we used. We do not know for sure if the hand sanitizer was expired or not because we got our hand sanitizer from one of the hand sanitizer stands outside. Plus not all hand soap/hand sanitizer is created the same way as some products can be made specifically to combat specific bacteria(Although I would say that these products are not specific to bacteria). In all I guess the conditions that apply are what the cleaning agents are specifically made for & how often the swabbed objects are used. This data just goes to show that there is always more than you think in regards to bacteria and/or germs. X. Write suggested improvements to your experiment . No experiment is ever perfect. There are always things that can be improved. Think about not only technical improvements (eg. Human error), but more importantly, experimental design. If you had to do your experiment over again with unlimited resources, what would you do differently? If we were to redo our experiment again, we would try to do more replicates as we had only 4 agar plates to work with. If there were replicates, this would shorten the margin of error, help prove trends, and help us reach a better conclusion. We would also try to measure the area of the cultures and their overall dispersion over the agar plate. We could also use a microscope to identify the bacteria which is

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 11 of 14 shown on the agar plate and then gain a better understanding on how hand soap may be more effective than hand sanitizer. If we had a glovebox or were in an air compressed room, the results may be better as no other bacteria would be able to get into the room/box other than what’s being tested.

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 13 of 14 Methods: Independent Variable Independent variable(s) are correct and clearly described Methods: Dependent Variables Dependent variables (what is observed or measured) are clearly identified and appropriate for the experiment Methods: Constant Variables Constant Variables are fully and clearly identified Methods: Control Group and Experimental Group(s) Control and Experimental Group(s) are clearly identified and appropriate for the experiment Methods: Controls Design includes clearly identified, appropriate positive / negative controls. If controls are not used, an explanation is provided of what controls should be used. Methods: Replicates / Randomization Replication and randomization are identified and appropriate for the experiment Results: Figures Data is organized into tables and/or graphs that have legends and appropriate titles and axes. Expected data from experimental design are present Results: Description and Analysis Results are clearly, concisely, and accurately described. Figures as well as other data are explained, including a statement of how the independent variable affected the dependent variable. Results: Replicates Differences between replicates are clearly identified in some way. If replicates show large variability, some attempt to explain why should be given. Discussion: Conclusions Conclusions are logical, clear, and appropriately supported by the data. A statement is provided of whether these findings can be applied to a larger population (broader impact) Discussion: Extension Discussion: Limitations 2-3 limitations of the experiment are addressed along with potential alternative interpretations Discussion: Improvements Recommended improvements are appropriate or unneeded References References are appropriately cited at time of use, rather than simply listed at the end Teamwork Evidence of teamwork is clearly present, with all members sharing responsibility equally during the experiment, analysis, and presentation / report Oral Presentation Style*** loud, clear, good eye contact, equal distribution of speaking among group members Written Report Style*** Extensive background information familiarizes audience with the subject and creates common ground. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en_US . When using or modifying this

Germs Everywhere Part 4 Data Analysis Page 14 of 14 document please provide attribution to Robert Denton, Matthew Holding, and the Center for Life Sciences Education at The Ohio State University