Online Lab 7 Molecular Genetics

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Dec 6, 2023

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Lab 6: Molecular Genetics Objectives: - Explain and demonstrate the double helix structure of a DNA molecule. - Demonstrate knowledge of the base pairing rule in DNA and RNA. - Compare and contrast DNA and RNA - List and explain the steps of protein synthesis and the role of each type of RNA in the process. - Discuss the effects of mutations such as a base substitutions, deletions, and insertions on the DNA code. Materials: - 1 package of Gummi Bears. - 1 box of Rounded toothpicks. - Stick licorice Activity 1: Building a DNA model Most cells have a nucleus. Depending upon the species, there’s a set number of chromosomes within this organelle. Each chromosome contains a DNA molecule and its associated proteins. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. If the DNA were isolated form a cell and then stretched out, it would look like a spiral staircase. The spiral staircase has been called double helix . The staircase has rails on the outside that serve as the backbone of the structure, while the steps separate the two rails. The “steps” of DNA molecule are composed of nitrogenous bases . There are only four different types of bases found in DNA, and these bases pair up in a specific way (See Figure 2-43/2-44). The base pairing rule for DNA is as follows: - Adedine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) and - Cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G) pg. 1 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
pg. 2 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
In this activity you’ll build a model of DNA that simulates the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. 1. Take four different color Gummi bears and assign each color a DNA base. Fill in your color codes in Table 9-1. Take a picture of your Gummy bears linked to the DNA base pg. 3 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
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Table 9-1 DNA color codes DNA color Codes Gummi Bear Color DNA base 2. Based on your color codes in Table 9 – 1, you’ll build the following DNA sequence: Add the picture of your gummy bear sequence. T – G – A – C – G – T – G – A – C Select a bear with the color that you have chosen to represent thymine. This will be the first base in your DNA sequence. Slide the toothpick through the first bear (T) in a “paw to paw” direction. Select a bear for the next base and repeat this process. Continue until you have a total of nine toothpicks , each with an appropriate colored bear in the center. Note: Be sure to keep the toothpicks in the correct order (matching the stated DNA sequence) 3. Using the base pairing rule , slide a second bear onto each toothpick so that it’s to the right of the first base The colors of the new bears should represent the colors of the complimentary bases (according to the base pairing rule ). Be sure to leave a small space between each base to represent the hydrogen bonding. You’ve now created base pairs . 4. Lay the licorice “backbone” along the left side of your toothpicks. Push the first base pair into the backbone near the top edge of the candy. Continue to add base pairs along the backbone, making sure they’re evenly spaced. Attach the second DNA backbone to the other side of your exposed toothpicks. Gently twist your completed DNA model to form a helical structure. 5. Your DNA model contains a total of ________ bases. 6. The DNA code is a sequence of three-base units along one side of the DNA molecule. Units of three DNA bases are referred to a triplets, such as the three base unit TGA. How many triplet are present along the left side of the DNA molecule you made? 7. What is the last triplet on the right side of the DNA model?__________ 8. If you were comparing your DNA to a classmate’s DNA. Would you use the same bases to construct their DNA molecules? Explain your answer. pg. 4 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
Activity 2: Transcription Imagine that you’re having a house built. The architect draws up a set of blueprints for the builder. The builder, in turn, has to hire several subcontractors for the electrical, plumbing, and heating systems. The builder doesn’t wish to give up the original set of blueprints, so copies are made for each of the subcontractors. This same principle applies to a cell. The nucleus contains the master set of blueprints, the DNA. DNA molecules are needed to direct the activities that occur in the cytoplasm of each cell. When other organelles need to manufacture materials for the cell, copies of the master blueprint are made, so that the originals are not damaged or lost. This process is referred to as transcription. The copies made by transcription will be in the form of another molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) There are several differences between DNA and mRNA: - DNA is double stranded - mRNA is single stranded - DNA contains the base thymine (T) - mRNA contains the base uracil (U) - DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. - mRNA contains the sugar ribose In this activity you’ll transcribe a DNA code into mRNA. The DNA sequence in this activit represents a gene located on one of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell that codes for a specific protein. 1. Since thymine isn’t found in mRNA, the base pairing rule you learned in the previous activity must be altered. Complete Table 9-2 by entering the appropriate bases. Table 9 – 2 mRNA Base pairing DNA base mRNA base A C T G 2. Looking at Figure 9 – 2, you can see that column one contains the DNA sequence found along one side of a double helix. Fill in the appropriate mRNA sequence in the second column. 3. The mRNA code is composed of a sequence of three bases along the mDNA molecule. The three bases are referred to as a codon. ATG is the first triplet on the DNA sequence. What is the corresponding codon? 4. How many codons does your mRNA strand contain? 5. What is the base sequence of the fourth codon of your mRNA? pg. 5 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
FIGURE 9-2 1 DNA 2 DNA 3 Amino Acids A T G T A T G T T T T G A C G G G A G A C C C C Activity 3: Translation and protein synthesis Having copied the DNA into mRNA leaves the nucleus of the cell and travels to a ribosome. Reminder: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis within a cell Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. A chain of amino acids is also referred to as a polypeptide chain because the amino acids are held together with a type of covalent bond called a peptide bond. Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA). The codons in the mRNA determine the sequence and number of amino acids being bonded into the corresponding protein. 1. Refer to the mRNA codons in Table 9-3 to determine the amino acid sequence for your protein. To do this, just match each codon in your mRNA sequence to the corresponding amino acid as listed in the table. pg. 6 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
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Fill in column three of Figure 9-2 with the correct amino acids. 2. How many amino acids does your protein contain? 3. What is the sixth amino acid in the polypeptide chain? 4. If the sixth triple read GAA instead of GGA, would the sequence of amino acids change? Explain your answer. 5. If the sixth triple read GGC instead of GGA, would the sequence of amino acids change? Explain your answer. 6. What is the name of the bonds that attach the amino acids together within the polypeptide chain? Activity 4 : Interpreting the DNA code You’ve seen that DNA triplets code for specific amino acids and that the amino acids must be attached in the correct sequence to form a functional protein. (Figure 9 – 3) pg. 7 TABLE 9 – 3 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
Write the complimentary DNA strand for each given strand of DNA. 1. T C T T A A A T G A T C G A T C 2. A A T G A A T A G C T A G C T T Now write the mRNA strand for the given DNA strand. (Write your initials next to each strand) 3. A T G T C G C T G A T A C T G T 4. G A A G C G A T C A G T T A C G Write the tRNA sequence for the given strand of mRNA 5 . A G G U C A U G C A U G G G C A U G C A U 6 . A G A G A U U C A G C U A G C A C G A U A Now you will translate the amino acid sequence for the given tRNA strand. Remember that codons are 3 base pairs long. 7. AUG CAC UGU CCU UUC GCU GAC 8. GAG AUC UGG UUG GAA UCG The following are pieces of mRNA. Give the DNA strand from which it was transcribed. pg. 8 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
9. mRNA: G A G A U C U G G U U G G A A U C G DNA : Using the following piece of DNA, give the mRNA molecule, and the amino acid sequence for which it codes. DNA : A T A T A A A C G A G G A A A T T C C G G G C G mRNA : tRNA : Amino acids : Use the mRNA sequence to find the DNA sequence and the amino acid sequence, the tRNA sequence and the aminoacids. DNA : mRNA : A U G C C U A C A U G U G G U G U A A C C U U A tRNA : pg. 9 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B
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Amino acids : Complete the table below showing the sequences of DNA, mRNA codons, tRNA anticodons and the amino acids. Remember the genetic code is based on mRNA codons. DNA GAT mRNA codon UAU tRNA anticodon UUC Amino acid Tryptophan Give all the possible Anti-codons for the amino acids listed below. (Use the table in page 183 of your book or 5.7 in the ebook) Histidine (His): Isoleucine (Ile): Arginine (Arg): Tryptophan (Trp): Now you can explore what happens if changes in the DNA triplets occur. These changes can occur from exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, and other environmental factors. In addition, errors can be incorporated int the DNA when the chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for mitosis and meiosis. Changes in the DNA code are known as mutations. The effects of a mutation on a phenotype can vary, depending on the type and location of the mutation within a gene. pg. 10 Fundamentals of biology. Online labs. Lab 6-B

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