Bio 182 Lab report

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Dec 6, 2023

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Potometer Lab BIO-182 Lab 12 October 2023

Intoduction Transpiration is defined as the process where water vapor is evaporated from a plant leaf. The transpirational pull from the leaf is what controls the movement of xylem sap through the length of the plant. Cohesion and adhesion are also major factors in the movement of water through the xylem. Cohesion because of the high energy hydrogen bonds between water, which creates surface tension. Then the adhesion between the xylem walls and the hydrogen bonds of the water (Bledsoe, 2017). The opening and shutting of stomata cells on the plant's leaves controls this function. These stomata function as gates that prevent plants from losing water. They can be found on both the upper and bottom halves of the leaf, although the majority of them live under the leaf to reduce water loss (Bledsoe, 2017). Transpiration is a necessary component of plant viability. Water is carried into the leaves by transpirational pull, adhesion, and cohesion from the roots of plants. The water evaporates as a result of the sun's rays, and the water vapor escapes via the stomata. This process has a direct influence on photosynthetic rate. Many different variables in nature have an impact on stomata, which open and release water vapor via transpiration. The guard cells that surround the stomata are sensitive to light, temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentrations (Brawner, 2022). When the humidity is high, the stomata shut to prevent extra water from entering the plant. Harsh circumstances force the stomata to shut, resulting in reduced water loss and less transpiration to conserve the remaining water. As a result of the water being forced into the leaves, photosynthesis will decrease. Six separate groups will be watched and assessed in this investigation. A potometer may be used to measure how much water a leaf absorbs. In this experiment, a potometer will be

utilized. When photosynthesis and transpiration occur in the leaf, water is drawn up into the leaf (Bledsoe, 2017). Each group will measure the total amount of water lost in a glass tube before calculating the rate of transpiration using the leaf surface area. There will be one control group and five groups that will be subjected to green light, red light, darkness, heat, and wind. Hypothesis Control group: If no outside influences influence the leaf, the amount of photosynthesis and rate of transpiration will stay constant because no outside environmental factors are causing the water to change. Wind group: If there is wind affecting a leaf it will minutely affect the rate of transpiration and photosynthesis. The stomata will be closed but since it is just windy the stomata will open slightly. Heat group:Placing the leaf in a heat environment there will be increased transpiration and photosynthesis because one result of transpiration is the cooling of the plant. Dark group: Placing the leaf in a dark environment has no influence on the rate of transpiration or photosynthesis since there is no light to initiate photosynthesis, which drives water to the leaf. Allowing the stomata to remain shut. Red light group: exposing the leaf to a constant quantity of red light will result in no rise in transpiration rate because red light is not used in photosynthesis. Green light group: When a leaf is exposed to green light, the rate of transpiration and photosynthesis increases because the plant absorbs the light, causing

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photosynthesis to occur. Methdology To complete this experiment, a potometer had to be set up. A syringe, box filled with water, a one mL pipette, tubing, and a stopcock are needed to set up this apparatus. Firstly, the group will acquire a ring stand and fill the box with a quarter of the way with water. One person will cut off and acquire a philodendron leaf, while the others stay to complete the potometer. While done underwater, the student will take the tube and fill it with water, putting two rubber stoppers on each end. The one mL pipette will be filled with water using the syringe making surethat no air bubbles are present in the pipette (Bledsoe, 2017). Make a centimeter high incision onthe leaf while submerged, placing, and sealing the end of the stem in to one end of the plastic tubing. On the other end the pipette will be placed in the rubber tubing. With both ends sealed, the potometer will be placed onto a ring stand will be placed under different natural scenarios. Atten- minute intervals the students were to measure the amount of water lost in the mL tube converting it to mm for the table. After sixty minutes the total water lost was calculated, and withthe surface are of the leaf the transpiration rate for each observational group was calculated. Data

Analysis All groups had different transpiration rates and even the groups who were to have very minimal to none change had the most change. Such has the green light and the dark groups. The error in the green light group would have to be the cause of the other lights in the room and the leaf was not just in the presence of green light but white light as well. For the dark group the change could be caused by the lights in the lab room as the students who had the group were required to measure the change the students had to take the leaf out and then measure allowing the leaf to be exposed to

life which caused an error in the experiment. The wind would have no affect on the rate of transpiration because the stomata would stay closed to limit the amount of water lost. The heat, red light, and green light had the highestest rates of transpiration. The red light would have been expected to have a lower rate of transpiration due to red light having low energy which would cause a decrease in photosynthesis, but it had the second highest rate. There are different rates of transpiration for the same plant because different environmental conditions cause the opening and closing of stomata which open and close to let water vapor out. The faster the rate of transpiration, the more stomata present, since the more stomata that are open, the more water vapor that is exiting the leaf, causing more transpiration to occur on the leaf's surface. Conclusion In this lab, students construct a potometer and measure the quantity of water drawn into a leaf for transpiration. The transpiration rate may be calculated using the amount of water lost in the pipette and the leaf surface area. The rate of transpiration for a plant fluctuates depending on the environmental circumstances; this experiment employed heat, varying intensities of light, wind, and darkness as environmental variables. All hypotheses were supported except for two and as well as the the two errors that occurred. One of the hypotheses that was not supported was the dark and that is because there wasan error that caused the transpiration to increase. The red light was not supported as there was an increase in transpiration instead of decreasing. The last error was the green light which was caused by the lights in the room and therefore increased transpiration instead of keeping at a steady rate.

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References Bledsoe, S. “Laboratory Manual for General Biology II.” Lc.gcumedia.com , 2017,

lc.gcumedia.com/bio182l/laboratory-manual-for-general-biology-ii/v2.1/#/chapter/1. Accessed 19 Oct. 2023. Brawner, Mikl. “Transpiration and Why It Matters.” Harlequinsgardens.com , 2019, harlequinsgardens.com/transpiration-and-why-it-matters/.

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