LYMPH AND IMMUNE SYSTEM WB OLA (6)

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Dec 6, 2023

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The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses The lymphatic system, with its many lymphoid organs and vessels derived from veins of the cardiovascular system, is a rather strange system. Although both types of organs help to maintain homeostasis, these two elements of the lymphatic system have substantially different roles. The lymphatic vessels keep the cardiovascular system functional by maintaining blood volume. The lymphoid organs help defend the body from pathogens by providing operating sites for phagocytes and cells of the immune system. The immune system, comprising the body's specific defense system , is a unique functional system made up of billions of individual cells, most of which are lymphocytes. The sole function of this defensive system is to protect the body against an incredible array of pathogens. In general, these "enemies" fall into three major camps: (1) microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that have gained entry into the body, (2) foreign tissue cells that have been transplanted (or, in the case of red blood cells, infused) into the body, and (3) the body's own cells that have become cancerous. The result of the immune system's activities is immunity, or specific resistance to disease. The body is also protected by a number of nonspecific defenses provided by intact surface membranes such as skin and mucosae, and by a variety of cells and chemicals that can quickly mount an attack against foreign substances. The specific and nonspecific defenses enhance each other's effectiveness. Chapter 12 tests your understanding of the functional roles of the various lymphatic system elements, and both the nonspecific and specific body defenses. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymphatic Vessels 1 . Complete the following statements by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Although the cardiovascular system has a pump (the heart) and arteries, veins, and capillaries, the lymphatic system lacks two of these structures: the (1) and (2) . Like the (3) of the cardiovascular system, the vessels of the lymphatic system are equipped with (4) to prevent backflow. The lymphatic vessels act primarily to pick up leaked fluid, now called (5) , and return it to the bloodstream. About (6) of the fluid is returned every 24 hours.

2 . Figure 12-1 provides an overview of the lymphatic vessels. In part A, the relationship between lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system is depicted schematically. Part B shows the different types of lymphatic vessels in a simple way. Label these specific structures in part B: A. Lymph capillaries C. Lymphatic collecting vessels E. Valves B. Lymph duct D. Lymph node F. Vein 3. Highlight the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. Blood capillary Lymph capillary Blind-ended Permeable to proteins 2. Edema Blockage of lymphatics Elephantiasis Inflammation Abundant supply of lymphatics 3. Skeletal muscle pump Flow of lymph Respiratory pump High-pressure gradient Action of smooth muscle cells in walls of lymph vessels 4. Minivalves Endothelial cell overlap Impermeable Lymphatic capillaries

Lymph Nodes and Other Lymphoid Organs 4. Match the terms in Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A. More than one choice may apply in some cases. Column A Column B 1. The largest lymphatic organ; a blood reservoir A. Lymph Nodes 2. Filter lymph B. Peyer’s patches 3. Particularly large and important during youth; C. Spleen produces hormones that help to program the immune system D. Thymus 4. Collectively called MALT 5. Removes aged and defective red blood cells E. Tonsils 6. Prevents bacteria from breaching the intestinal wall 5. Figure 12-2 depicts several different lymphoid organs. Label all lymphoid organs indicated by a leader line (red text boxes) and label (blue text boxes) the sites where the axillary, cervical, and inguinal lymph nodes would be located. Color the lymphoid organs as you like, and then shade in light green the portion of the body that is drained by the right lymphatic duct (done).

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6. Figure 12-3 is a diagram of a lymph node. First, using the terms with color coding circles, learn all structures in black labels on the diagram that have leader lines. Color those structures as well. Then, add arrows to the diagram to show the direction of lymph flow through the organ (done). Circle the region that would approximately correspond to the medulla of the organ (done ). Finally, answer the questions that follow. 1. Which cell type is found in greatest abundance in the germinal centers? 2. What is the function of their daughter cells, the plasma cells? 3. What major cell type in cortical areas other than the germinal centers? 4. The third important cell type in lymph nodes (usually found clustered around the medullary sinuses) are the _________________________________. These cells act as capsule Afferent lymphatic trabeculae Subscapular sinus cortex Germinal center Medullary sinus medullary cord hilus Efferent lymphatics

5. Of what importance is the fact that there are fewer efferent than afferent lymphatics associated with lymph nodes? 6. What structures assure that one-way flow of lymph through the node? 7. The largest collections of lymph nodes are found in what three body regions? 8. What is the general function of lymph nodes? BODY DEFENSES Nonspecific Body Defenses 7. The three major elements of the body’s nonspecific defense system are: the (1) , consisting of the skin and _____________________ ; defensive cells, such as (2) _____________________ and phagocytes; and a whole deluge of (3) _____________________ . 8. Indicate the sites of activity or the secretions of the nonspecific defenses by writing the correct terms in the answer blanks. 1. Lysosome is found in the body secretions called and 2. Fluids with an acid pH are found in the and 1. 2. 3.

3. Sebum is a product of the glands and acts at the surface of the 4. Mucus is produced by glands found in the respiratory and system mucosae. 9. Highlight the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. Redness Pain Swelling Itching Heat 2. Neutrophils Macrophages Phagocytes Natural killer cells 3. Inflammatory chemicals Histamine Kinins Interferon 4. Intact skin Intact mucosae Inflammation First line of defense 5. Interferons Antiviral Antibacterial Proteins 10. Match the terms in Column B with the descriptions of the nonspecific defenses of the body in Column A. More than one choice may apply. Column A Column B 1. Have antimicrobial activity A. Acids 2. Provide mechanical barriers B. Lysozyme 3. Provide chemical barriers C. Mucosae 4. Entraps microorganisms D. Mucus entering the respiratory E. Protein-digesting enzymes passages F. Sebum 5. Part of the first line of defense G. Skin 11. Describe the protective role of cilia in the respiratory tract. 12. Define phagocytosis . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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13 . Highlight all phrases that correctly describe the role of fever in body protection 1. Is a normal response to pyrogens 2. Protects by denaturing tissue proteins 3. Reduces the availability of iron and zinc required for bacterial proliferation 4. Increases metabolic rate 14. List the three important accomplishments of the inflammatory response 15. Match the terms in Column B with the descriptions in Column A concerning events of the inflammatory response. Column A Column B 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Accounts for redness and heat in an inflamed area 2. Inflammatory chemical released by injured cells 3. Promote release of white blood cells from the bone marrow 4. Cellular migration directed by a chemical gradient 5. Results from accumulation of fluid leaked from the bloodstream 6. Phagocytic offspring of monocytes 7. Leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary 8. First phagocytes to migrate into the injured area 9. Walls of the area of injury 16. Complete the following description of the activation and activity of complement by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. 17. Describe the event that leads to the synthesis of interferon and the result of its synthesis. A. Chemotaxis B. Diapedesis C. Edema D. Fibrin mesh E. Histamine F. Increased blood flow to an area G. Inflammatory chemicals (including E) H. Macrophages I. Neutrophils 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Complement is a system of plasma (1) that circulate in the blood in an inactive form. Complement is (2) when it becomes attached to the surface of foreign cells (bacteria, fungi, red blood cells). One result of this complement fixation is that (3) appear in the membrane of the foreign cell. This allows (4) to rush in, which causes (5) of the foreign cell. Some of the chemicals released during complement fixation enhance phagocytosis. This is called (6) . Others amplify the inflammatory response.

Specific Body Defenses: The Immune System Antigens 18. Complete the following statements relating to antigens by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. Cells of the Immune System: An Overview 19. Using the key choices, select the term that correctly completes each statement. Insert the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Antigen(s) D. Cellular immunity G. Lymph nodes B. B cells E. Humoral immunity H. Macrophages C. Blood F. Lymph I. T cells Antigens are substances capable of mobilizing the (1) . Of all the foreign molecules that act as complete antigens, (2) are the most potent. Small molecules are not usually antigenic, but when they bind to self cell surface proteins they may act as (3) , and then the complex is recognized as foreign, or (4) . 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or (1) in the body. When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, this immunity is called (2) . When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is referred to as (3) . The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the (4) and the (5) . Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are the (6) . Because pathogens are likely to use both (7) and (8) as means of getting around the body, (9) and other lymphatic tissues (which house the immune cells) are in an excellent position to detect their presence .

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20. A schematic of the life cycle of the lymphocytes involved in immunity is shown in Figure 12-4. First, select different colors for the areas listed below and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding regions in the figure. Or write the name of the area in the appropriate text box. If there is overlap, use stripes of a second color to indicate the second identification. Then respond to the statements following the figure, which relate to the two-phase differentiation process of B and T cells. O A Area where immature lymphocytes arise O B Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells O C Area where T cells become immunocompetent O D Area where the antigen challenge and clonal selection are likely to occur O E Area where B cells become immunocompetent

1. What signifies that a lymphocyte has become immunocompetent? 2. During what period of life does immunocompetence develop? 3. What determines which antigen a particular T or B cell will be able to recognize? (highlight one) its genes “its” antigen 4. What triggers process of clonal selection in a T or B cell? (highlight one) its genes “its” antigen 5. During development of immunocompetence, the ability to tolerate must also occur if the immune system is to function normally. 21. T cells and B cells exhibit certain similarities and differences. Check/mark the appropriate spaces in the table below to indicate the lymphocyte type that exhibits each characteristic. Characteristic T cell B cell Originates in bone marrow from stem cells called hemocytoblasts Progeny are plasma cells Progeny include suppressors, helpers, and killers Progeny include memory cells Is responsible for directly attacking foreign cells or virus-infected cells Produces antibodies that are

released to body fluids Bears a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen Forms clones upon stimulation Accounts for most of the lymphocytes in the circulation 22. Highlight the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. Antibodies Gamma globulin Lymphokines Immunoglobulins 2. Protein Complete antigenNucleic acid Hapten 3. Lymph nodes Liver Spleen Thymus Bone marrow Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response 23. The basic structure of an antibody molecule is diagrammed in Figure 12-5. Select different colors, and color in the coding circles below and the corresponding areas on the diagram. heavy chains light chains Add labels to the diagram to correctly identify the type of bonds holding the polypeptide chains together (blue text box). Also label the constant (C) and variable (V) regions of the antibody (red text boxes).

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1. Which portion of the antibody—V or C-—is its antigen-binding site? 2. Which portion acts to determine antibody class and specific function? 24. Match the antibody classes in column B to their descriptions in Column A. Column A Column B 1. Bound to the surface of B cell A. IgA 2. Crosses the placenta B. IgD 3. The first antibody released during C. IgE the primary response D. IgG 4. Fixes complement (two classes) E. IgM 5. Is a pentamer 6. The most abundant antibody found in blood plasma and the chief antibody released during secondary responses 7. Binds to the surface of mast cells and mediates an allergic response 8. Predominant antibody found in mucus, saliva, and tears 25. Complete the following descriptions of antibody function by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

26. Determine whether each of the following situations provides, or is an example of, active or passive immunity. If passive, write P in the blank; if active, write A in the blank. 1. An individual receives Sabin polio vaccine 2. Antibodies migrate through a pregnant woman's placenta into the vascular system of her fetus 3. A student nurse receives an injection of gamma globulin (containing antibodies to the hepatitis virus) after she has been exposed to viral hepatitis 4. "Borrowed" immunity 5. Immunologic memory is provided 6. An individual suffers through chicken pox 27. There are several important differences between primary and secondary immune response(s). If the following statements best describe a primary response, write P in the blank; if a secondary response, write S in the blank. 1. The initial response to an antigen; gearing-up stage 2. A lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream 3. Levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period 4. Immunologic memory is established 5. The second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response 1. 2. 3. neutralization 4. 5. IgM 6. precipitation 7. Antibodies can inactivate antigens in various ways, depending on the nature of the (1) . (2) is the chief ammunition used against cellular antigens such as bacteria and mismatched red blood cells. The binding of antibodies to sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses that can cause cell injury is called (3) The cross linking of cellular antigens into large lattices by antibodies is called (4) ; Ig (5) with its 10 antigen binding sites, is particularly efficient in this mechanism. When molecules are cross-linked into lattices by antibodies, the mechanism is more properly called (6) . In virtually all these cases, the protective mechanism mounted by the antibodies serves to disarm and/or immobilize the antigens until they can be disposed of by (7) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

28. Several populations of T cells exist. Match the terms in Column B to the descriptions in Column A. Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks. Column A Column B 1. Binds with B cells and releases chemicals that A. helper T cell activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages B. killer T cell 2. Activated by recognizing both its antigen and a self-protein presented on the surface of a C. suppressor T cell macrophage 3. Turns off the immune system when the “enemy” has been routed 4. Directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens 29. Using the key choices, select the terms that correspond to the descriptions of substances or events by inserting the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Anaphylactic shock D. Complement G. Interferon B. Antibodies E. Cytokines H. Lymphokine C. Chemotaxis factors F. Inflammation I. Monokines 1. A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps to protect other body cells from viral multiplication 2. Any type of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing 3. Proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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4. A consequence of the release of histamine and of complement activation 5. C and G are examples of this class of molecules 6. A group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens once it has been 'fixed" to their surface 7. Class of chemicals released by macrophages 30. Organ transplants are often unsuccessful because self-proteins vary in different individuals. However, chances of success increase if certain important procedures are followed. The following questions refer to this important area of clinical medicine. 1. Assuming that autografts and isografts are not possible, what is the next most successful graft type and what is its source? 2. What two cell types are important in rejection phenomena? 3. Why are immunosuppressive drugs (or therapy) provided after transplant surgery and what is the major shortcoming of this therapy? 31. Figure 12-6 is a flowchart of the immune response that tests your understanding of the interrelationships of that process. Several terms have been omitted from this schematic. First, complete the figure by inserting appropriate terms from the key choices below. (Note that oval blanks indicate that the required term identifies a

cell type and rectangular blanks represent the names of chemical molecules. Also note that solid lines represent stimulatory or enhancing effects, whereas broken lines indicate inhibition.) Then color the coding circles and the corresponding ovals, indicating the cell types identified. Key Choices The choices are repeated for you alongside the flowchart.

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32. Using the key choices, identify the type of immunity disorder described. Insert the appropriate term or letter in the answer blank. Key Choices A. Allergy B. Autoimmune disease C. Immunodeficiency 1. AIDS and SCID 2. The immune system mounts to an extraordinarily vigorous response to an otherwise harmless antigen 3. A hypersensitivity reaction 4. Occurs when the production or activity of immune cells or complement is abnormal 5. The body’s own immune system produces the disorder; a breakdown of self-tolerance 6. Affected individuals are unable to combat infections that would present no problem for normally healthy people 7. Multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever 8. Hay fever and contact dermatitis 9.Typical symptoms of the acute response are tearing, a runny nose, and itching skin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

LYMPH AND IMMUNE SYSTEM WB OLA (6)

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