ANAT 260 Case

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1 ANAT 260 Case Study West Coast University - Miami ANAT 260: Anatomy 08/16/21

2 ANAT 260 Case Study Question 1: What serosal cavities have been penetrated by the first arrow? Explain location the microscopic cellular components of the serous membrane and the purpose of the serous membrane. The first arrow penetrated the patient’s Pleura Cavity which is a serosal cavity in the Thoracic region. The serous membrane of the Pleura Cavity is made up of simple squamous epithelium called the mesothelium. The function of the serous membrane is to lubricate to allow movement and not cause friction of organs and tissue (Serous Membranes | AnatomyTOOL, n.d.). Question 2: Describe the Autonomic Nervous System and explain how the patient’s ANS reacts to the arrow attack and how it will affect the patients vital signs ( p, BP, R, T). As defined by Martini et al. (2017, p. 466), the autonomic nervous system regulates body temperature and coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions. Because of the arrow attach the patient’s body would go into flight or fight mode and the ANS would react by increasing the pulse, blood pressure, respirations and temperature (Waxenbaum, 2020). Question 3: Describe the trajectory of the first arrow using directional terms and anatomical planes. Identify and describe the organs and any other member that may have been affected by the first arrow.

3 The first arrow traveled through the abdominal cavity going in the right hypochondriac region, passing through to the epigastric region and into the left hypochondriac region exiting posteriorly. The organs possible affected can be assumed as the liver, the kidney, the stomach, and the spleen. Question 4: Describe the cardiovascular system and explain how both the pulmonary and systemic circuits will be affected by both arrows. Include the effect on the Hematocrit and Hemoglobin values. The cardiovascular system connects the whole body by providing blood and nutrients to all the organs throughout the body and the pulmonary system aids in this process. The affect the arrows have on these systems can be seen in the heart rate, respiratory function, and loss of blood. Loss of blood would affect the Hematocrit and Hemoglobin levels. Normal hemoglobin levels for an adult male would be 14 to 18 gm/dL and for an adult woman 12 to 16 gm/dL (Cunha, 2020). Low blood count can cause failure of major organs. If the levels go below the normal ranges, the patient may need to have a blood transfusion to replace the blood loss. Question 5: Identify the possible neuromuscular effects of he second arrow and explain your reasoning. Describe the components of a neuromuscular junction including key organelles. Possible neuromuscular effects that can occur would be respiratory and cardiac fatigue because of the effects of the ANS on the body. It is noted by Cruz (2020, para. 3), that each skeletal muscle fibers has a single neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where the motor axon joins the muscle

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4 fiber. The NMJ divides into a presynaptic terminal, a postsynaptic muscle membrane and the space that lies between called the synaptic cleft. Question 6: Identify and describe the three labeled tissue types found in the tracheal slide (Slide 2) below. Include the subcategories and cellular components for each tissue type. How will the injures affect this area? Types of Tissue Specify the Subcategories of these Tissues 1. Respiratory Cartilage 2. Respiratory Epithelium 3. Trachealis Muscle

5 References Cruz, P. R. M. (2020). The Neuromuscular Junction in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Governing Synaptic Formation and Homeostasis . Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2020.610964/full Cunha, J. P. (2020, January 13). Hemoglobin vs. Hematocrit: What Are Normal Blood Test Levels? MedicineNet. https://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin_vs_hematocrit/article.htm Martini, F., Tallitsch, R., & Nath, J. (2017). Human Anatomy (9th ed.). Pearson. Serous membranes | AnatomyTOOL . (n.d.). Anatomy Tool. https://anatomytool.org/content/serous-membranes Waxenbaum, J. A. (2020, August 10). Anatomy, Autonomic Nervous System - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf . NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539845/

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