LymeDiseaseFinalProject_DavyS

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lyme Disease in Humans and Dogs 2023 Fall – Session A – ABS 494 By: Davy Song-Koy Lyme disease is a tick-borne, zoonotic disease caused by a spirochete bacteria named Borrelia burgdorferi (Radolf et al. 2020). This disease not only affects humans, but it can also affect dogs and horses. Other mammalians and avian species can become infected. They generally do not show symptoms, but this is not always the case. Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease found in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Burtis et al., 2016). It is endemic to the northern hemisphere and is mainly seen in the Northeast, upper Midwest, and the Pacific coast of the United States (Vogt, 2021). It is occasionally seen in Europe and Asia (Vogt, 2021). On a global level, Lyme disease is increasing due to the expanding geographic range of tick vectors (Vogt, 2021). Factors such as climate change is contributing to the expanded range of ticks, increasing the potential risk of Lyme disease. In this research essay, let’s take a closer look at the origin of Lyme disease, how it affects humans and dogs, treatment, and the future of Lyme disease. Lyme disease was identified nearly thirty years ago and since then it has continued to spread (Steere et al., 2004). Blacklegged ticks contract the bacteria, B. burgorferi , by eating infected rodents such as the white-footed mice. Transmission is most likely to occur in warmer months, but transmission is possible during colder months. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick and cannot be transmitted from human to human via bodily fluids. After being bitten, it takes at least twenty-four hours for the transmission of B. burgdorferi from infected tick to the host. B. burgdorferi causes an infection by migrating through the tissues, adhesion to host cells, and evasion of immune clearance (Steere et al., 2004). After being bit, a
skin lesion called erythema migrans starts to form at the site (Steere et al., 2004). Besides erythema migrans, other symptoms include malaise, fatigue, headache, myalgia, and fever (Steere et al., 2004). The treatment option available includes oral antibiotics called doxycycline, amoxicillin, and cefuroxime (Columbia University, 2023). There is currently a vaccine called VLA15 that is being developed and going through trials. Researchers are in the process of phase three, but phase two trials have shown strong immunogenicity in both adults and children (Czarnota et al., 2022). If left untreated, B. burgdorferi can lead to health complications affecting the skin, joints, and nervous system (Bobe, 2021). In rare cases, this can also affect the heart. In dogs, clinical symptoms include lameness, fever, anorexia, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy with or without swollen joints (Vogt, 2022). Similar to humans, doxycycline and amoxicillin are successful for treating Lyme disease (Vogt, 2022). Protecting dogs from ticks plays an important factor in avoiding and controlling Lyme disease. Checking for ticks after being outside and removing them can reduce the likelihood of transmission. Ticks must be removed carefully and if the mouth portion is left in the animal, the transmission of B. burgdorferi can still occur. There is prevention that a veterinary can prescribe to protect dogs from ticks in different forms. There are many options in a chewable tablet called Simparica, Simparica Trio, Nexgard, and Bravecto. If oral medications are complicated to give, there are also collars and topical treatments available. Another way to protect dogs is getting them vaccinated; vaccines are good for one year and should be kept up to date. There has been a significant increase in the amount of Lyme disease cases due to factors such as global warming. Rising temperatures allow ticks to thrive and expand in other regions. The latest state in the United States affected by this is Maine. According to the state of Maine, they were on pace for a near-record year of Lyme disease cases (ProMED, 2023). The humid
weather and rain are perfect weather for tick populations. Overseas, in Lativa, more than 20% of ticks tested in Latvian laboratories have tested positive for the Borrelia bacteria (ProMED, 2023). Lyme disease has the potential to become an emerging disease if temperatures continue to rise. Back in 2021, Northeastern University found a compound called “hygromycin A” that is completely harmless to animals but effective against B. burgdorferi (Sartoretto, 2021). Researchers have found out that hygromycin A works well when injected subcutaneously or when mice ate the hygromycin A bait (NIH, 2021). Setting up hygromycin A bait traps can help eradicate the disease at its source. One major obstacle for eradicating Lyme disease would be making sure to treat every white-footed mice and tick, both species are also extremely small. Attempting to eradicate Lyme disease would not be worth the cost but with VLA15 vaccine in progress, there is hope to be able to control Lyme disease. Another way to help control Lyme disease is to create awareness and educate the public on the symptoms of Lyme disease and how to protect themselves from ticks. Ticks are vectors for many diseases; Lyme disease may be the most common, but it is not the deadliest one. Unfortunately, ticks are going to be present in most humid and woody environments. Eradicating ticks would be impossible, and it could cause other species populations to decrease since they are a food resource for others. Being vigilant about areas where there is a large tick population, completing self-assessments after coming from outside, and removing ticks carefully can all prevent Lyme disease.
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Citations: Burtis, J. C., Sullivan, P., Levi, T., Oggenfuss, K., Fahey, T. J., & Ostfeld, R. S. (2016). The impact of temperature and precipitation on blacklegged tick activity and lyme disease incidence in endemic and emerging regions. Parasites & Vectors , 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1894-6 Czarnota, J., Dobrzyński, M., Skubel, T., Drozd, M., Dudek, I., & Rybak, N. (2022). VLA15 - a potential Lyme disease vaccine.   Journal of Education, Health and Sport ,   12 (8), 1164– 1169. https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.100 ProMED. (2023, August 01). Search promed posts - promed-mail . ProMED - Lyme Disease, ananplamosis, babesiosis – USA: (ME) . https://promedmail.org/promed-posts/ ProMED. (2023, May 27). Search promed posts - promed-mail . ProMED - Lyme Disease - Lativa: Borrelia-Positive Ticks . https://promedmail.org/promed-posts/ Radolf-, J. D., Strle, K., Lemieux, J. E., & Strle, F. (2022). Lyme disease in humans. Current Issues in Molecular Biology , 333–384. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.042.333 Sanchez, E., Vannier, E., Wormser, G. P., & Hu, L. T. (2016). Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis. JAMA , 315 (16), 1767. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2884 Steere, A. C., Coburn, J., & Glickstein, L. (2004). The emergence of lyme disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation , 113 (8), 1093–1101. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci21681 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021, November 9). A targeted antibiotic for treating lyme disease . National Institutes of Health. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih- research-matters/targeted-antibiotic-treating-lyme-disease Vogt, N. A. (2023, August 22). Lyme borreliosis in animals - generalized conditions . Merck Veterinary Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/lyme- borreliosis/lyme-borreliosis-in-animals?query=lyme+disease#v3273698

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