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1
Biological Sciences 2B-Stachowicz & Grosberg
Spring Quarter 2008
FINAL EXAM
Please Read the Instructions First
.
Check your pages: there are 23 pages in this exam (including this page & the gripe
sheet).
You are responsible for making sure that you have all the pages.
This examination is worth 150 points.
Please bubble in the 9 digits of your student ID number on your scantron.
Bubble the number from the bottom of the scantron into the scantron number box. Mark
Test Form A.
Calculators CAN be used on the test.
Multiple Choice Questions: 40 questions worth 3 pts. each (120 points total)
Indicate your answers on the scantron sheet using a number 2 or a test scoring pencil.
Press heavily, don’t stray out of the margins and completely erase any changed
answers.
If you think that a multiple choice question is ambiguous or confusing, use the
“explanation sheet” at the end of the examination to explain the problem.
Put your
name on this sheet—we tear them off to read them!
Fill-in Questions: 4 questions, some with multiple parts, worth 30 points total
Use pen or pencil. There will be no re-grades on the final.
Write only one answer per question—you can elaborate on an answer, but
you will not
be given any credit if you write two different answers to the question
.
Spelling rules: 1/2 credit for 2-3 letters wrong or transposed. No points will be given if
the misspelling alters the meaning of the word.
You have 120 minutes to complete the exam. Budget your time – be sure to leave
enough time to complete the fill-ins at the end of the exam, as they are worth 20% of the
exam.
Page #2
KEEP YOUR ANSWERS TO THE FILL-INS BRIEF – ALL CAN EASILY BE ANSWERED WITH
JUST A FEW WORDS, A LINE ON A GRAPH, OR SOME SIMPLE LABELS ON A GRAPH.
Page #3
1. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that…
a)
diversity is greatest in the absence of disturbance.
b)
high disturbance results in intermediate diversity.
c)
low diversity occurs when disturbance is infrequent.
d)
high diversity results when competition is most intense.
e)
both B and C are correct.
2. The competitive exclusion principle states that…
a)
species that compete with each other exclude each other.
b)
species that use the same resources in the same way cannot coexist.
c)
species that coexist experience greater
inter
specific than
intra
specific competition.
d)
species that do not cooperate will go extinct.
e)
interference competition is stronger than exploitative competition.
3. Two species of insect-feeding lizards colonize a group of three islands. Species 1 (solid line)
lands on the first island and second island. Species 2 (dashed line) lands on the second and
third islands. The islands are identical in every way that matter to the lizards. The following
graphs depict population size of lizards on each island.
From these graphs you can conclude that…
a)
the first species is a superior competitor to the second.
b)
inter
specific competition is less than intra
specific competition for both
species.
c)
carrying capacity of species #2 is greater than that of species #1.
d)
the competition coefficient describing the effect of species #1 on species #2 > 1.
e)
the species are partitioning food resources.
Island 1
Island 2
Island 3
Time
Time
Time
Population
Size
SPECIES 1
SPECIES 1
SPECIES 2
SPECIES 2
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Page #4
4. If a third species of lizard arrived on the second island described in Question 3, and the
trajectories of populations of all three species after the arrival of species #3 (dotted line) were as
depicted in the following graph (species #1 = solid line, species #2 = dashed line, species #3 =
dotted line), you could conclude that:
a)
Species 3 does not compete with species #1
b)
Species 3 is a superior competitor over both of the other species
c)
The competition coefficient relating the effect of species #3 on species #2 is > 1
d)
The competition coefficient relating the effect of species #3 on species #1 is < 1
e)
Both c and d are correct
5. Curious about ecological succession, you place plastic panels in the ocean near a dock in
San Francisco Bay. You observe that over time the panels change from being dominated by
colonial tunicates in the first few months to being dominated by solitary tunicates at the end of
one year. You then perform an experiment in which you compare the abundance of late
successional species (solitary tunicates) on panels from which the early successional species
(colonial tunicates) have been removed (dashed line in figure below) with an unmanipulated
control (solid line in figure). You obtain the following data:
From these data
you conclude that
:
a)
Solitary tunicates have faster growth rates than colonial tunicates
b)
Colonial tunicates facilitate solitary tunicates
c)
Solitary tunicates facilitate colonial tunicates
Time
Abundance of
solitary
tunicates
Island #2
Population Size
Time
SPECIES 1
SPECIES 2
SPECIES 3
CONTROL
COLONIAL TUNICATES REMOVED
Page #5
d)
Colonial tunicates inhibit solitary tunicates
e)
Solitary tunicates inhibit colonial tunicates
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of early successional species?
a)
Competitively dominant
b)
Well-defended against predators
c)
Usually unaffected by late successional species
d)
Always
facilitate late successional species
e)
Short time to first reproduction
7. Diversity of species is greater in the tropics because _____________ is/are greater in the
tropics than in the temperate zone (choose the best answer).
a)
diversification rates
b)
productivity
c)
extinction rates
d)
disturbance
e)
b and d
8. Increased temperature might increase the rate of evolutionary change because increased
temperature leads to…
a)
increased mutation rates
b)
faster metabolism, leading to more rapid development and shorter generation times
c)
intermediate frequency of disturbance
d)
a and b only
e)
none of the above
9. Which of the following is
not
a SIGNFICANT threat to species diversity on Earth?
a)
Invasive species
b)
Habitat destruction
c)
Overharvesting
d)
Climate change
e)
All are significant threats
10. A bird eats the fruit of a plant species. The seeds are not digested and germinate in the
bird’s excrement at some distance from the parent plant. This is most likely an example of…
a)
a mutualistic interaction
b)
a trophic cascade
Page #6
c)
sympatric speciation
d)
parasitism
e)
competition
11. The paradox of the plankton describes the problem of understanding how so many species
can coexist on just a few resources. It can be resolved by…
a)
resource partitioning favoring the superior competitor.
b)
facilitation among species.
c)
rapidly changing environmental conditions that alter the competitive hierarchy.
d)
interspecific hybridization.
e)
the presence of a keystone species.
12. As you hike down the Sierras from high elevation to the foothills you notice a pattern in
which at high elevation one species of tree (a pine) always occurs right next to another (a fir),
whereas at low elevation you observe that the pine and fir are never located near each other.
This observation can
best
be explained by…
a)
hallucinations at high elevation.
b)
character displacement of the fir at low elevation.
c)
greater rainfall at higher elevation.
d)
increasing strength of competition with increasing elevation.
e)
decreasing strength of facilitation with decreasing elevation.
13. Your new job at the Center for Disease Control has placed you in the Lyme Disease risk
assessment unit. You know that the risk of humans contracting Lyme disease from ticks varies
from year to year and is connected to the local food web. Gypsy moth caterpillars were
introduced to America about 100 years ago and they feed voraciously on oak trees in the
northeastern U.S. This resulted in almost complete defoliation of many trees.
Given the
following food web of the northeastern deciduous forest, and the likely relationship
between removal of a tree’s leaves and its reproductive success, you conclude that…
a)
lyme disease prevalence will be high in the years following a gypsy moth outbreak.
b)
adding fertilizer to Oak trees will reduce the likelihood of humans contracting Lyme
disease.
c)
actions taken to eradicate the gypsy moth caterpillar could increase the
prevalence of Lyme disease.
d)
Lyme disease risk and gypsy moth prevalence are uncorrelated because of multiple
Oak Acorns
Mice
Deer
Ticks
Oak Leaves
Gypsy moth caterpillars
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Page #7
canceling indirect effects.
e)
Gypsy moth caterpillars control lyme disease by eating oak acorns.
14. Keystone species and foundation species are similar in that…
a)
both are very abundant
b)
both are always predators or herbivores
c)
both are usually sessile animals
d)
both have a strong effect on the species composition of a community
e)
both b and d are correct
15. You are an environmental consultant hired by a town adjacent to a small lake in the Sierras
known for its clear waters due to a low standing biomass of algae. The figure below describes
what you know about the current food web of the lake.
The town is economically depressed, and residents have proposed two ideas for stimulating the
local economy: (1) introduce northern Pike (a fish that only eats other fish) into the system to
attract sportsfisherpeople (and their money) to the area and (2) harvest filter-feeding bivalves
from the lake for food (they are quite a delicacy and fetch a hefty price). The town wants you to
predict the consequences of each proposal for the their lake—in particular they are concerned
about maintaining the clear water of the lake, and are not interested in any option that would
decrease water clarity even if it would mean great short-term economic benefit.
After careful
study, you conclude that…
a)
adding pike will DECREASE water clarity by releasing herbivores from suppression.
b)
removing bivalves will have NO EFFECT on water clarity.
c)
adding nutrients from the bottom up will INCREASE water clarity.
d)
if townsfolk BOTH removed bivalves AND added Pike then they should be able
to maintain water clarity in its present condition.
e)
removing bivalves OR adding pike would have similar effects on water clarity.
Planktivorous fish
Herbivorous
crustaceans
Algae
Filter-feeding
bivalves
Page #8
16. While hiking along a trail from the tip of a receding glacier in Alaska to a spruce forest 30
kilometers away, you move through patches of land that have been exposed for an increasing
amount of time since succession began. You get the distinct impression that diversity increased
throughout your hike and that highest diversity is found in the oldest, most undisturbed forests
(late successional communities), rather than in those of intermediate time since disturbance as
you might have predicted.
This observation can best be explained by the fact that…
a)
rates of diversification are greater in late successional communities.
b)
early successional communities lack keystone predators.
c)
competitive exclusion is occurring in early successional communities, reducing the
diversity there.
d)
nitrogen in the soil increases with time since the glaciers receded.
e)
you walked south, and you are observing the latitudinal gradient in species diversity.
17. Species diversity usually increases continuously with which of the following factor(s)?
a)
Productivity (resource availability)
b)
Disturbance
c)
Strength of interspecific competition
d)
a, b, and c
e)
None of the above
18. Reducing the biological diversity of an ecosystem can result in…
a)
decreased primary productivity.
b)
increased variability in productivity or other critical ecosystem functions.
c)
increased likelihood of invasion by exotic species.
d)
a, b, and c are correct
e)
none of the above.
19. Compare the following two ecosystems, both of which have EQUAL rates of primary
productivity. The dominant primary producers in ecosystem #1 are woody plants (trees). The
dominant herbivores are vertebrates (deer and hare). The dominant primary producers in
ecosystem #2 are microscopic algae. Dominant herbivores are large crustacean zooplankton.
Based on these data
, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?
a)
The amount of energy at the carnivore trophic level will be higher in ecosystem
#2 than ecosystem #1
b)
Ecosystem #1 will have more omnivores than ecosystem #2
c)
Ecosystem #1 will have higher ecological efficiency than ecosystem #2
d)
There will be more trophic levels in ecosystem #1 than ecosystem #2
e)
Ecosystem #1 will have a stronger trophic cascade than ecosystem #2
Page #9
20. Choose the
best
answer from those below to complete the following sentence. Although,
_______________ may have the greatest primary productivity per unit area on Earth,
_______________ is/are responsible for the largest share of the Earth’s total primary production
because of its large size.
a)
the tropical forest; the open ocean
b)
the tropical forest; estuaries
c)
the tropical forest; coral reefs
d)
the open ocean; upwelling zones
e)
the open ocean; the deep sea
21. Due to burning of fossil fuels, humans are adding a substantial amount of carbon to the
environment as carbon dioxide. Which of the following is/are happening as a result of this?
a)
Oceans are becoming more acidic
b)
Permanent increases in plant growth rates
c)
Average surface air temperature of the Earth is increasing
d)
a and c
e)
None of the above
22. If one species is a superior competitor to another, the two might still coexist if…
a)
there is a tradeoff between competitive ability and resistance to predators
b)
there is a tradeoff between competitive ability and the ability to colonize disturbed
patches
c)
predators prefer to eat the most abundant species
d)
a, b, and c are correct
e)
There is no way they can coexist
23. The difference between
adaptation
and
acclimation
is…
a)
Acclimation only refers to temperature; adaptation is more general.
b)
acclimation occurs over long time periods, while adaptation is quick.
c)
adaptations involve changes in the genetic composition of populations,
whereas acclimation is not heritable.
d)
adaptations increase an organism’s fitness more than acclimation.
e)
nothing, they are synonymous.
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Page #10
24. In the graph below, in order to change the dashed curve into the solid curve you would
need to…
a)
Increase r, increase K
b)
Increase r, decrease K
c)
Decrease r, increase K
d)
Decrease r, decrease K
e)
Decrease N
0
POPULATION
SIZE
TIME
Page #11
25.
With respect to the phylogeny shown above, which of the following statements is
TRUE
:
a) Species F, G, H, I, and J form a
polyphyletic
group.
b) Species A, B, C, D, and E form a
paraphyletic
group.
c) Species A, B, I and J form a
monophyletic
group.
d) Species F, G, and H form a
monophyletic
group derived from the same common
ancestor.
e)
Species C, D, and E form a monophyletic group.
26. In the phylogeny shown above, what is the
fewest
number of speciation events that could
have given rise to the clade that includes species A, B, C, D, and E?
a) 4
b) 6
c) 8
d) 3
e) 11
0
2
4
MILLIONS OF
YEARS
BEFORE PRESENT
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Page #12
27. With respect to the phylogeny shown above, which of the following species evolved (arose)
most recently?
a) Species A
b) Species J
c) Species F
d) Species G
e) Species B
28. The biological species concept is difficult or impossible to apply in which of the following
circumstances?
a) When there is inbreeding.
b) In hermaphroditic species.
c) Strictly asexually reproducing organisms.
d) Species with sympatric distributions.
e) a and
d are both correct.
29. Which of the following events is ESSENTIAL to the process of speciation?
a) genetic drift
b) stabilizing selection
c) pre-zygotic isolation
d) restricted gene flow
e) sympatry
30. You carefully study populations of two very similar meadow mice, one from the Central
Valley, the other from Napa County. You want to know whether the populations belong to the
same species or to two different species. You could most confidently decide this if you could…
a) show that the ranges of the two mice overlap without hybridization occurring.
b) bring the two types of mice into the laboratory to see if they will mate.
c) demonstrate that the natural ranges of the two types of mice are entirely allopatric.
d) show that there are statistically significant coat color differences between the two
types.
f)
show that the Napa Valley mice prefer Cabernet, but the Central Valley mice prefer
Zinfandel.
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Page #13
31. Speciation…
a) always takes tens of millions of years.
b) is a process by which populations of one species diverge genetically and
produce two reproductively isolated lineages.
c) can only occur when species are geographically separated.
d) must pass through a stage where there is interspecific hybridization.
e) is completed only when two different species can freely interbreed.
32. Which of the following is
NOT
an example of a reproductive isolating mechanism?
a) species-specific courtship rituals
b) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
c) gamete recognition
d) hybrid breakdown
e) all of the above are isolating mechanisms
QUESTIONS 33-37 REFER TO THE FOLLOWING SCENARIO
:
The Perdido Archipelago is a group of 10 islands, somewhere in the middle of the tropical
Pacific Ocean. A species of laughing gull (a marine bird) exists in populations of about 1000 on
each of the islands. There are two color morphs, a melanic (black) form and a white form. The
gulls breed once a year. Every breeding season, 500 individuals disperse from each population
to other islands in the archipelago and breed with residents when they arrive at their homes.
Each of these 500 individuals is replaced by migrants from other islands.
33. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Inbreeding should lead to strong intersexual selection.
b) Gene flow is sufficiently high to offset the effects of genetic drift in this
example.
c) The populations on each island are likely to diverge into new species over time.
d) Genetic drift will very likely to cause the extinction of some island populations
because of the increase in frequency of deleterious alleles.
e) All of the above are true.
Page #14
34. Feather color in these gulls is due to variation at the M-locus. Black-colored birds are either
MM
or
Mm
; white birds are
mm
. On each of the islands, assume that the gull population
contains approximately 190 black-colored (melanic) individuals and 810 white individuals.
Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
, what is the frequency of the
M
-allele in each
population?
a) 0.81
b) 0.19
c) 0.90
d) 0.10
e) 0.44
35. During a storm, two white male and two white female gulls are blown 1000 kilometers to an
isolated island (Survivor Island) previously uninhabited by laughing gulls. They reproduce and
found a new population. These gulls cannot disperse back to the source populations in the
Perdido Archipelago. And, for many centuries, there is no additional migration from Perdido
Archipelago populations to the population on Survivor Island.
This newly established population has radically different color frequencies than the
source population. This is most likely due to…
a) mutation.
b) disruptive selection.
c) inbreeding.
d) sexual selection.
e) founder effects.
36. 2000 years after the Survivor Island population was established, its members evolved
mating displays that differ from those of the parent population. When a television producer from
the Nature Channel introduces gulls from the original Perdido Archipelago population to the
Survivor Island population, the two kinds of gulls find each other’s mating behavior repellant.
What type of reproductive isolating mechanism keeps the two populations of gulls from
interbreeding?
a) Vicariance
b) Mechanical isolation
c) Temporal isolation
d) Behavioral isolation
e) Hybrid sterility
Page #15
37. The example presented in #36 most likely represents __________ speciation.
a) sympatric
b) peripatric
c) diversifying
d) paraphyletic
e) ecological
38. The phylogeny shown below represents the evolutionary history of a group of 17 species of
cichlid fish that live in a tropical crater lake and a river that feeds it. Nine of the cichlid species
currently live in the river, and 8 currently live in the lake.
Based on this phylogeny, you conclude that the primary mode of speciation in this clade
of fish is…
a) sympatric
b) parapatric
c) allopatric
d) lamarckian
e) both a and d are correct
River Sp. 1a
River Sp. 1
River Sp. 2
River Sp. 3
Lake Sp. 4
River Sp. 5
River Sp. 6
River Sp. 7a
River Sp. 7
Lake Sp. 1
Lake Sp. 3
Lake Sp. 2
Lake Sp. 2a
River Sp. 4
Lake Sp. 5
Lake Sp. 6
Lake Sp. 7
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Page #16
39. Why do most evolutionary biologists agree that allopatric speciation is common, but
sympatric speciation is rarer?
a) Because reproductive isolation CANNOT evolve in sympatry.
b) Because sympatric species cannot occupy separate niches.
c) Because there is no extrinsic barrier to gene flow in sympatry.
d) Because inbreeding is too common in sympatry and populations go extinct.
e) Because disruptive selection can only act on allopatric populations.
40. The main problem with understanding how genes responsible for reproductive isolation
could evolve is…
a) such genes would reduce the fitness of an individual that carries them.
b) such genes would rapidly spread due to sexual selection.
c) genetic drift would immediately eliminate them from a population.
d) hybrids carrying these genes would be competitively superior to parental genotypes.
e) none of the above.
Page #17
PART II
: Short answers and fill-ins (30 points TOTAL).
FOR ALL OF THE SHORT ANSWERS
& FILL-INS, A FEW WORDS OR A BRIEF SENTENCE WILL MORE THAN ADEQUATELY
ANSWER THE QUESTION.
1. As a result of road building, a formerly contiguous patch of tropical rain forest is now
subdivided into smaller patches. The charismatic 8-striped purple newt lives in the forest, where
it has long been among the most abundant species. The newt moves slowly and so cannot
cross extensive areas of open ground that lack forest cover (e.g., a road) because it will dry out
and die. Conservation biologists are interested in understanding the effect of all this road
building on the newt, and have enlisted your services as a biological consultant. For the
following list, state whether each would increase or decrease as a result of the road building,
then briefly give a specific justification for your answer (
no more than one sentence!
). [2 pts.
each; 14 pts. TOTAL]
[For each part, correctly identifying increase or decrease earns 1 point, and a proper
justification earns 1 point]
A.
Risk of local newt extinction
Increase.
Small, isolated populations are at greater risk of extinction.
[Also acceptable to say some populations will decline due to lack of immigration]
B. Levels of gene flow between patches of forest
Decrease
.
The roads prevent migration of individuals between patches.
C. Potential for genetic drift to affect allelic frequencies
Increase.
Populations are smaller.
[Full credit is also earned if answered: no change, because the newt is common
populations are still very large and genetic drift will be minimal]
D. Likelihood of a disease sweeping through the population and causing catastrophic
mortality throughout the
entire region
Decrease.
Outbreaks will not spread between patches because there is no migration between
patches
[Also acceptable: no infected individuals from one patch will contact susceptible
individuals in another patch]
Page #18
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Page #19
E. The ability of the species to re-colonize a patch after a forest fire
Decrease.
Dispersal is restricted by the roads, preventing recolonization
[Also acceptable: immigration is decreased, the roads prevent newts from colonizing
burned areas]
F. With climate change, the eastern half of the newt’s range is predicted to become warmer
and drier, the probability that newts could become locally adapted to the increasingly
warmer and drier conditions predicted to occur in the Western portion of its range as a result
of climate change
Increase.
Local adaptation will be easier because roads restrict gene flow.
[Also acceptable: Decrease because of the increased probability of exinction of
populations (part A) or because genetic diversity will be smaller in small populations]
G. If you wanted to reduce these impacts of roads, but still build the roads, what would be
the most effective action to take?
Build tunnels under the road
[Also full credit for describing any sort of corridor or scheme (physically moving
individuals] that allows newts to move across roads without drying out or getting run
over by cars.
____________________________________________________________________________
_
Page #20
2. In Australia, when red-bellied black snakes first encountered cane toads, most of the snakes
were highly susceptible to the cane toad toxin, and died soon after eating them. The graph
shown below compares susceptibility to toad toxin of individual snakes, from two populations,
one never exposed to cane toads (TOAD NA
Ï
VE), the other having been exposed to cane toads
for 50 years (TOAD EXPOSED). [2 pts. for each correct answer; 12 pts. TOTAL]
You suspect that natural selection has caused the changes shown in the graph. We know that
snakes reproduce, meeting the first condition for natural selection to occur.
What are the
additional 3 key conditions that must be met in the snake population in order for natural
selection to have occurred? Based on the information in this graph, is there evidence
that each of these conditions is met? If so, how is each met? If not, what kind of
evidence would convince you?
TOAD
EXPOSED
TOAD
NAIVE
Low
High
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
TOAD TOXIN
Low
Page #21
Condition 1
: (2 pts.)
Variation in the trait within the population
How met? (2 pts.)
In both toad na
ï
ve and toad exposed populations of snakes individuals differ in their
susceptibility to toad poison.
____________________________________________________________________________
_
Condition 2
: (2 pts.)
The trait is heritable
[The trait has a genetic basis is also acceptable]
How met? (2 pts.)
No evidence for this. Possible ways to show this include: show that offspring resemble
parents, perform crosses to demonstrate heritability (don’t need to detail the crosses
at all), identify the gene responsible for tolerance of toad poison
Part credit (+1): Show that the trait is heritable or demonstrate heritability (no mention of
HOW they would demonstrate this.
____________________________________________________________________________
_
Condition 3
: (2 pts.)
The trait confers a fitness advantage
How met? (2 pts.)
Being less susceptible to toad poison increases snake survival; OR individuals that lack
resistance to toad poison more often die before reproducing than those that have this
trait.
____________________________________________________________________________
_
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Page #22
3. Soapberry bugs feed on the seeds inside fruit capsules using a proboscis or beak that they
insert into fruits. The graph below shows the size distribution of fruits that are available to a
population of soapberry bugs that has recently migrated to Davis. The bugs arrived from a
location where the only seeds available were in fruits intermediate in size between those of
balloon vines and golden rain trees. [4 pts. total]
The curve on the graph below shows the distribution of beak sizes in a large founder population
of soapberry bugs right after it became established in Davis.
ON THIS GRAPH, DRAW A
CURVE SHOWING HOW THIS DISTRIBUTION WILL HAVE CHANGED AFTER SEVERAL
GENERATIONS OF BREEDING BY THE SOAPBERRY BUGS.
RELATIVE BEAK LENGTH
END OF EXAM
0
8
0
)
4
6
2
FREQUENC
Y
CAPSULE RADIUS
(mm)
4
6
8
10
12
Golden rain
tree
Balloon vine
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Page #23
GRIPE SHEET
Explanation of thought processes
Instructions
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1. Put your
name
at the top of the page.
I tear the pages off to read them!
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2. If you think that a question is ambiguous or confusing, indicate the question number, the answer
you gave, and why you are concerned about this answer.
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