EVOLVE CH 38

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University of Texas, El Paso *

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5319

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Biology

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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4

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1. 1. What term is used to identify the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix? A. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis Correct B. Compensatory hypertrophy C. Obligatory growth D. Compensatory growth Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix. Compensatory hypertrophy is essential to the recovery of renal function after an obstruction. Obligatory growth is the influence of somatostatin on nephrons. Compensatory growth is an unidentified hormone influencing nephrons. Obligatory and compensatory growths together make up compensatory hypertrophy. Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 2. 2. ID: 25066823005 Which condition is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis? A. Unilateral obstruction Incorrect B. Hypertension Correct C. Dehydration D. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus Hypertension is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis, which is the rapid elimination of fluid after an obstruction is removed. Other risk factors include bilateral obstruction, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, edema, congestive heart failure, and uremic encephalopathy. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 3. 3. ID: 25066823010 What type of urinary calculus is made up of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate? A. Calcium Incorrect B. Struvite Correct C. Uric acid D. Indinavir Struvite stones account for approximately 15% of urinary calculus and are made up of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. Uric acid stones account for approximately 7% of stones. Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones account for 70% to 80% of stones. Less common stone elements include cystine, 2,8-dihydroxyadeninuria, triamterene, indinavir, and ammonium acid urate. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 4. 4. ID: 25066823015 Which condition is a cause of an upper urinary tract obstruction?
A. Kidney stone Correct B. Bladder neck dyssynergia C. Prostate enlargement D. Urethral stricture Kidney stones are actually considered upper urinary tract obstructions. The other choices are causes of lower urinary tract obstruction. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 5. 5. ID: 25066823020 Which condition is associated with uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle? A. Spinal cord injury Correct B. Immune system dysfunction C. Congestive heart failure D. Renal carcinoma Spinal cord injury is associated with detrusor hyperreflexia with vescicosphincter dyssynergia, which is defined as uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle associated with a neurologic disorder. Other conditions associated with detrusor hyperreflexia are Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and disk problems. The other choices (immune system dysfunction, congestive heart failure, renal carcinoma) listed are not associated with this condition. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 6. 6. ID: 25066823025 Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is true ? A. Renal cell carcinoma is associated with TP53 . B. Symptoms include hematuria. Correct C. Early stages of the disease produce a large abdominal mass. D. Granular cell tumors have a better prognosis than renal cell carcinoma. Symptoms of renal cell carcinoma include hematuria, flank pain, and a flank or abdominal mass. Early stages are often silent (without symptoms). Clear cell tumors have a better prognosis than renal cell carcinoma. Overexpression of TP53 is demonstrated in bladder tumors. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 7. 7. ID: 25066823030 A person reporting abdominal and back pain has been found to have bacteria in the urine. What term is used to identify this type of upper urinary tract involvement? A. Cystitis
B. Pyelonephritis Correct C. Urinary tract infection D. Asymptomatic bacteriuria Pyelonephritis is the term used to identify this type of involvement of the upper urinary tract. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder. A urinary tract infection is inflammation of the urinary epithelium, followed by invasion and colonization by some pathogen. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is bacteria in the urine that does not provoke infection. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 8. 8. ID: 25066823035 Which bacteria is the most common cause of urinary tract infections? A. Klebsiella B. Proteus C. Escherichia coli Correct D. Staphylococcus E. coli infections account for the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The second most common bacterial cause is Staphylococcus saprophyticus , followed by Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas . Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 9. 9. ID: 25066823040 Which factors determine the severity of obstructive uropathy? (Select all that apply.) A. Blockage location Correct B. Duration of the blockage Correct C. Cause of the lesion Correct D. Amount of renal blood flow E. Degree of completeness of blockage Correct The factors that determine the severity for obstructive uropathy are the locations of blockage, degree of completeness, duration, involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts, and cause of the lesion. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 10.10. ID: 25066823046 Which are determinants of the severity for obstructive uropathy? (Select all that apply.) A. Location of the blockage Correct B. Degree of completeness of the blockage Correct C. Type of blockage D. Duration of the blockage Correct E. Cause of the lesion Correct The factors that determine severity for obstructive uropathy are locations of blockage, the degree of completeness, duration,
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involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts, and cause of the lesion. Type of blockage is much less relevant. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 11.11. ID: 25066823052 Which conditions may cause obstructed urine flow? (Select all that apply.) A. Prostate enlargement Correct B. Pelvic organ prolapse Correct C. Low bladder wall compliance Correct D. Detrusor areflexia E. Detrusor hyperflexia Correct Detrusor areflexia is a lower motor neuron disorder in which the detrusor muscles are not contractile, causing underactive bladder syndrome. All other choices cause urine flow obstructions. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.