EVOLVE CH 37

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University of Texas, El Paso *

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5319

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1. 1. In the distal tubule, which cells reabsorb sodium and water, as well as secrete potassium? A. Distal B. Proximal Incorrect C. Principal Correct D. Intercalated Principal cells reabsorb sodium and water and secrete potassium. Intercalated cells secrete either hydrogen or bicarbonate and reabsorb potassium. Distal and proximal refer to the tubules. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 2. 2. ID: 25066830625 Which muscle lies between the two openings of the ureter and urethra? A. Micturition Incorrect B. Detrusor C. Trigone Correct D. Urethra The trigone is a smooth triangular area in the bladder that lies between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra. The detrusor muscle distends as the bladder fills with urine and is made up of smooth muscle fibers that weave around the bladder bag. Micturition is another term for urination. Urethra is the term for the tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 3. 3. ID: 25066830630 Which statement is true regarding renal blood flow? A. The kidneys receive 1000–1200 mL of blood per minute. Correct B. The kidneys receive 50% of cardiac output. C. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is not related to renal blood flow. D. No autoregulation is found in renal blood flow. The kidneys are vascular organs and receive 1000–1200 mL of blood per minute and 20% to 25% of cardiac output. The GFR is related to renal blood flow, and autoregulation is found in renal blood flow. Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 4. 4. ID: 25066830635 When a person experiences hypotension, which enzyme is primarily released? A. Renin Correct

B. Angiotensin I C. Angiotensin II D. Angiotensin III Primarily, renin is released when a person experiences hypotension, which starts a cascade of events that leads to the release of the angiotensins. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 5. 5. ID: 25066830640 The movement of fluids and solute from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma is called A. ultrafiltration. B. tubular reabsorption. Correct C. tubular secretion. D. excretion. Tubular reabsorption is the movement of fluids and solute from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma. Ultrafiltration is the process of filtration across the glomerular capillaries to form a filtrate of protein-free plasma. Tubular secretion refers to substances moving from the plasma of the capillary to the tubular lumen. Excretion is the elimination of the substance in the final urine. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 6. 6. ID: 25066830645 Which substance controls final urine concentration? A. Antidiuretic hormone Correct B. Renin C. Angiotensin I D. Urea Antidiuretic hormone controls final urine concentration. It is secreted from the posterior pituitary and increases water permeability in the last segment of the distal tubule. Renin stimulates the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system, which can increase systemic arterial pressure and change renal blood flow. Renin forms angiotensin I that is converted to angiotensin II, which stimulates the secretion of aldosterone. Urea is dissolved in the blood and is excreted by the kidneys. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 7. 7. ID: 25066830650 Which diagnostic finding would be found in a normal urinalysis? A. pH less than 5 B. Dark yellow urine C. Specific gravity 1.016–1.022 Correct D. Two to five red blood cells

The pH is generally 5–6.5, the urine is light yellow, the specific gravity is 1.016–1.022, and no white or red blood cells are present. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 8. 8. ID: 25066830655 A patient has a posterior pituitary tumor that is producing excess antidiuretic hormone. The blood volume and blood pressure are elevated. What other increased hormonal release would be expected? A. Angiotensin I B. Aldosterone C. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Correct D. Angiotensin II ANP is released in response to elevated blood volume and pressure and acts to increase water and sodium excretion. Angiotensin I and II and aldosterone would decrease in response to elevated blood volume and pressure. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 9. 9. ID: 25066830660 From where do the renal arteries emerge? A. Proximal inferior vena cava B. Distal superior vena cava C. Fifth branches of abdominal aorta Correct D. Descending renal arteries The renal arteries emerge as the fifth branches of the abdominal aorta. From the heart, perfused blood goes to aorta and supplies the kidneys with blood from this set of arteries bilaterally. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 10.10. ID: 25066830665 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) refers to what? A. Filtration of urine in the glomeruli of Bowman’s capsule B. Filtration of plasma per unit of time in the glomeruli Correct C. Amount of potassium filtered in the glomeruli D. Amount of urine leaving the loop of Henle in the glomeruli Glomerular filtration rate is an estimation of how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Glomeruli are the tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood. The glomeruli filtration test is instrumental in determining kidney function, and the degree of kidney failure in some patients. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 11.11. ID: 25066830670 Which are the types of nephrons? (Select all that apply.) A. Superficial cortical Correct

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B. Midcortical Correct C. Juxtamedullary Correct D. Glomerular E. Mesangial Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney. The three types include superficial, midcortical, and juxtamedullary. Glomerular refers to tufts of capillaries, while mesangial refers to the cells that support the capillaries. Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.

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