BIO 322 Self Quizzes

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Feb 20, 2024

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Chapter 7: The Perils of Small Populations 1. Which of the following risks is the result of random variation in the survival and production of offspring and is especially of concern for a small population? Demographic stochasticity . 2. Which of the following risks is due to random variation in the survival and production of offspring due to fluctuating weather conditions or species interactions? Environmental stochasticity. 3. Which of the following risks might be the result of a disruption to group behaviors such as hunting or communal rearing of young? Allee effect.

4. Which of the following risks is due to the reduction in survival and birth rates that sometimes results when an individual s mother and father are closely related? Inbreeding depression 5. Why does allelic diversity (the number of different forms of genes) tend to decline in small, isolated populations? Because there are few individuals, possibly carrying new alleles, moving into an isolated population; the loss of alleles due to genetic drift will likely outpace the rate of mutation. 6. Why is an individual whose parents are closely related likely to suffer reduced fitness? Because inbreeding increases homozygosity, and homozygous individuals can sometimes produce only one version of a protein, the offspring of closely related parents can be at a disadvantage relative to heterozygotes; inbreeding increases the chance that an individual will carry two copies of a rare harmful recessive allele. 7. Which of the following is an assumption of an ideal population? Equal numbers of breeding males and females. 8. Which of these statements about population bottlenecks is NOT true? None of the above. 9. Which of these factors will make a population LESS prone to lose genetic diversity due to genetic drift? Stable population size. 10. The figure below shows that red hot poker plants planted in small groups (with few other red hot poker individuals) did not produce as many seeds per plant compared to individuals planted in large patches. This happened: only when birds were able to access the plants. 11. Which of these statements is consistent with the patterns shown in the figure below? The more generations that a population remains at a small effective population size, the more genetic diversity it will lose; Heterozygosity is lost more quickly in populations with relatively smaller effective population size. 12. The figure below shows the relationship between the effective population size and the variance in offspring production for a population

consisting of N = 100 individuals. Which of these statements is consistent with the patterns shown in this graph? Effective population size can equal the raw count of individuals (N). Chapter 8: Populations Size, Trend, and Viability 1. If you used a Lincoln Petersen mark-recapture approach to estimate the size of an animal population, but the tags were defective and fell off some percentage of the originally sampled individuals, the method would tend to: overestimate the true population size. 2. If you used a Lincoln Petersen mark-recapture approach to estimate the size of an animal population, but the tags were attractive to predators, the method would tend to: overestimate the true population size. 3. If you used a Lincoln Petersen mark-recapture approach to estimate the size of an animal population, but tagging individuals affected their probability of recapture, the method would tend to either underestimate or overestimate the true population size, depending on whether tagging increases or decreases the probability of recapture. 4. Using a species' current level of genetic diversity to estimate its historic population size requires data, or at least a range of assumptions, about all of the following, except the strength of natural selection. 5. The 30-year-long effort in India to census the nation’s tiger population could have been improved by any of the following, EXCEPT hiring more people to conduct a more thorough search for pugmarks. 6. This simple model of exponential population change, Nt + 1 = λNt, assumes all of the following, except completely random mating. 7. If population growth rates over three periods are λ = 0.9, 1.2, and 0.8, the realized rate of change would be 0.952. 8. Imagine you want to build a demographic matrix model for a population of a long-lived shrub species that flowers year after year. You would likely want to use a model that is size-based. 9. A population of biennial plants (plants that reproduce only in their second year of life and then die) consists of 150 seeds, 25 one-year-old (vegetative) plants, and 10 two-year-old (flowering) plants. If the demographic matrix for the population is then in the next year the population will consist of 205 seeds, 30 one-year- old plants, and 15 two-year-old plants.

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10. If the demographic matrix for a population of biennial plants (composed of seeds, 1-year-old plants, and 2-year-old plants) is what percentage of seeds dies each year? 10% 11. To perform even the most basic population viability analysis requires all of the following, except an estimate of the rate of movement among subpopulations. 12. Population viability analysis (PVA) can be used to estimate the range of population sizes that is likely (say with 95% confidence) at some specified future time; probability of extinction within some specified time period; the expected (average) population size at some specified future time. Chapter 9: Assessing Threats and Choosing Conservation Actions 1. A population of biennial plants (composed of seeds, one-year-old plants, and two-year-old plants) is affected by deer that graze off some of the flowering stems and thereby reduce the average number of seeds produced per plant. If the demographic matrix for this population is what value would you change to assess how much conservation benefit could be gained by fencing out the deer? 10. 2. A population of biennial plants (composed of seeds, one-year-old plants, and two-year-old plants) is affected by a fungal disease that causes mortality of some one-year-old plants. If the demographic matrix for this population is (above), what value would you change to assess how much conservation benefit could be gained by applying a fungicide to the plants? 0.6 3. You suspect that mortality of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) is related to the mean daytime temperature in February. Based on your fieldwork, you have estimates of the mortality rate for little brown bats in 15 locations widely dispersed across North America. Which kind of observational study would probably be best suited to this scenario? Regression study. 4. You suspect that mortality of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) is related to the presence of a fungal pathogen that causes a disease known as white nose syndrome. Based on a single year of fieldwork, you have estimates of mortality rate for six populations where the fungal pathogen is present and five populations where it is absent. Which kind of observational study would probably be best suited to this scenario? Control-impact study. 5. Which of these statements regarding the survival of Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon from their spawning grounds to the Lower Granite Dam is supported by the data shown in the figure

below? The presence of brook trout reduces salmon survival, but this effect is evident only in high-quality habitat. 6. The figure below shows a positive relationship between the amount of parrotfish grazing and the recruitment of young corals. The explanation for this relationship is that parrotfish: eat algae off the surface of the corals that might otherwise interfere with coral growth. 7. Keeping in mind that the Middle Columbia River is the control site and the Snake and Upper Columbia Rivers are the impact sites, which of these statements is NOT consistent with the patterns shown in the figure below? Before dam construction, the Middle Columbia River had more spawners than the Snake River. Chapter 12: Adaptive Management and Evidence-Based Conservation

1. When conservation managers embark upon a single course of action but do not perform monitoring to measure the outcome and do not provide opportunity for new information to influence future actions, they are engaged in passive management. 2. When conservation managers embark upon a single course of action but change that course of action as events arise or new information becomes available, they are engaged in reactive management. 3. When conservation managers design and manage their projects to learn from their actions, monitor to measure the outcome, and then plan future actions based on the findings, they are engaged in adaptive management. 4. Which of these statements about monitoring is not true? Monitoring the outcomes of conservation and restoration projects is a top priority for most conservation funders. 5. Which of these statements about eastern North Pacific gray whales is supported by the simulation results shown in the figure below? With only 5 years of monitoring data, there is a high degree of uncertainty about whether to downlist the whale population from endangered to threatened; With only 5 years of monitoring data, there is a high degree of uncertainty about whether to delist the whale population; With as few as 11 years of monitoring data, there is a high degree of certainty about whether to delist the whale population. 5. The meta-analysis results in this figure below show that forest management significantly increased the number of plant species but significantly reduced the number of bryophyte species. 6. Embracing evidence-based conservation would mean that conservation decisions would be based on the accumulated evidence from similar efforts in the past. Chapter 13: Reversing Global Deforestation and Forest Degradation 1.

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