annotated-Lab%20Exercise%20U1_Part%204%20Blood%20Typing%20%26%20Pedigrees

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab 4: Blood Typing & Pedigrees A good example of an inherited trait is blood type, which also shows how genes can exhibit codominance. Blood type is generally classified using the ABO blood group system, of which there are four blood types: A, B, AB and O. There are three possible alleles in this blood grouping system: A, B and O. Each blood type is made of two alleles, and the combination of these two alleles creates a genotype . These are what determine what is commonly known as your blood type, which is also considered the phenotype in this instance. Phenotype Genotype Antigens Present Antibodies Present Can Donate To Can Receive From* A AA or AO A Anti-B A and AB A and O B BB or BO B Anti-A B and AB B and O O OO None Anti-A and Anti-B A,B,O, and AB (Universal Donor) O AB AB A and B None AB A,B,O, and AB (Universal Recipient) *This chart does not account for Rh.
Exercise 1 ABO Blood Typing For this exercise, you will play an online Blood Typing Game. The game will give you three unknown blood samples and ask you to mix each with reagents containing anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies in them. When agglutination or clumping occurs, this means that the blood sample you have tested contained antigens that have reacted against the antibodies in the serum. For example, type A blood has type A antigens. When mixed with anti-A antibodies, the antibodies will recognize the A antigens and agglutinate. Type-A blood will have no reaction when mixed with anti-B antibodies. Type A: If the blood in test tube A is the only blood that agglutinates/clumps, then the sample you tested is Type A blood. Type B: If the blood in test tube B is the only blood that agglutinates/clumps, then the sample you tested is Type B blood. Type AB: If the blood in test tube A and test tube B agglutinate/clump, then the sample is Type AB. Type O: If the blood you tested did not agglutinate/clump, then the sample you tested is Type O. Rh factor: If the blood sample in test tube Rh agglutinates/clumps, then it is Rh positive. Step 1: Visit this online Blood Typing Lab . Step 2: Select “Start Activity” and follow the steps to mix the blood. Step 3: Use the charts above to determine the blood type of three individuals and select the appropriate blood for their transfusion. Record each of their blood types below. The Patient Donor 1 Donor 2 Donor 3 Blood Type
Answer the questions below using the ABO blood data you have collected. 1. Using the blood type results you obtained above, determine the genotypes of the possible offspring through a mating of donors 1 and 2 using the punnett square below (do not worry about Rh factor). Assume that donor 1 is a heterozygote. 2. What are the phenotypes of the possible offspring from the question above? 3. Is a child always going to have the blood type of one of his or her parents? Why or why not? Exercise 2 Basic Pedigree Terminology Once information has been determined about a trait, it can be used to predict inheritance patterns for a family. A pedigree can trace the inheritance of a particular trait within a family. For example, tongue rolling may be present in a majority of a family, but there may still be members of that family who cannot roll their tongue. Drawing a pedigree might also help predict the genotype for other members of the family. By looking at inheritance patterns across a family, these predictions become clearer. For example, a pedigree might show a family that only has the recessive genotype, therefore indicating that future members of that family would also have a high likelihood of having that same recessive genotype.
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1. Draw and label a pedigree chart for your immediate family. Include (two generations) and label the following components where applicable: male, female, unknown, mating, children, and death. (For this and future drawings, if using annotation, you may use the doodle button to draw the answer. If using file download/upload, you can make the drawing and insert the image here or go old fashioned and draw it on paper, snap a picture, and insert it. If all else fails, upload the drawings in the comments or in an email to me) Insert Image Here 2. Draw and label a pedigree chart for the following scenario. Answer the questions. Two parents have three children. Both parents and two of the children show the trait. The third child does not. Insert Image Here Is the trait dominant or recessive? How do you know?
Are the parents homozygous or heterozygous for the trait? 3. Draw and label a pedigree chart for the following scenario. Answer the questions. Kristin and Robert are having a child. Kristin’s family includes her mother, Renee, and her father, Charlie. Robert has a large extended family, although he is not biologically related to any of them. Kristin has a widow’s peak, inherited as dominant, while Robert has no widow’s peak. Charlie has a widow’s peak as well, but Renee does not have the trait. Insert Image Here What is the likelihood that Kristin and Robert’s child will have a widow’s peak?
Concept Review 1. What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody? 2. What is agglutination? How can you use it to help you determine blood type? 3. How can you determine if a trait in a pedigree (not sex-linked) is dominant or recessive? Concept Application 1. You are on Spring Break in South Beach and thought you would try surfing. In your first attempt at “riding the wave”, a hungry tiger shark mistakes you for a seal. A lifeguard jumps in, fights off the shark, and swims you back to shore. Your excessive blood loss demands an immediate transfusion. You are blood type A and your two friends, Dora and Diego both offer to
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donate blood to you. Dora’s blood type is AB, while Diego’s blood type is O. Which friend’s offer should you accept? Why? 2. Polygenic inheritance accounts for many inherited traits, and these genes at multiple loci are also often influenced by environmental factors that work together to create who you are. This is not as simple as Mendelian genetics! One example of polygenic inheritance is eye color. Can you think of three more? 1. 2. 3. 3. People often refer to blood type as either positive or negative. This is the Rh factor. Rh factor can be very important to expectant mothers. If the mother is negative and the father is positive, the unborn child may also be positive, therefore creating Rh incompatibility. If left untreated, the mother can develop antibodies that work against the child. Using your data from Exercise 1, determine if donors 2 and 3 could experience Rh incompatibility. Why or why not?

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