bio 137 week 1 notes

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIO 137 01/12/2024 Homeostasis 1 of 3 quiz Which term describes the study of body functions? Physiology Which of the following statements accurately describes the organization of structures? Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles and molecules. Which answer correctly lists the organ systems we will learn about in bio 137? Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous Homeostasis 2 of 3 quiz Which of the following is the proper order of a feedback system? Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector In a feedback loop the effector is always a ____ or ____ inside the body that when stimulated, will return that system to its set value. Gland, muscle In the example of body temperature homeostasis, the receptors are ____, the control center is ____, and the effectors are _____. Thermoreceptors, the brain, sweat glands Which of the following describes a body process that is controlled using a positive feedback loop? Increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch In the positive feedback mechanism governing breastfeeding, the mammary glands of the breast serve as the ____. Effector Homeostasis 3 of 3 quiz In anatomical position: The palms of the hands are facing forward, the soles of the feet are flat on the floor, the arms are down at the side of the torso. Which directional term means closer to the midline of the body? Medial Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The thoracic region is ___ to the abdominal region. Inferior The antecubital region refers to the ___. Anterior pit of the elbow. The antebrachial region refers to the ___. Forearm Body plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves? Midsagittal
The functions of body parts are studied in the area of medical science called ____, while the structures are explored in the area called ____. Physiology, anatomy The branch of science that examines the morphology and organization of body parts is ____. Anatomy What is the branch of science called that is concerned with the function of body parts, what they do, and how they do it? Physiology Molecules consist of tiny particles called ___. Atoms Which of the following is the correct order of levels of the organization? Organelle, cell, tissue Anatomy- examines form and organization of structures Physiology- examines function and processes of body parts Homeostatic mechanisms that allow for cell-to-cell communication are called ____ loops. Feedback The name of the branch of science that deals specifically with the structure (morphology) of body parts, their forms, and how they are organized is ___. Anatomy The maintenance of a stable internal environment for all the cells of the human body is called ____. Homeostasis The term for the branch of science that is concerned with the study of body functions is ____. Physiology Homeostatic mechanisms include three factors: a control center, _____, and _____. Receptor and effector Atoms join to form chemical groups called ____, which in turn join to form ____. Molecules; macromolecules A ____ mechanism is a self-regulating control system that helps maintain some aspect of the internal environment. Homeostatic Of the four listed, which is the smallest and least complex? Organelle What are feedback loops? Homeostatic mechanisms allow for cell-to-cell communication to maintain a stable environment A change in a specific condition in the environment, also called a(n)____, is detected by receptors. Stimulus/stimuli Homeostasis keeps the ____ environment relatively constant, despite an ever changing ____ environment. Internal, external Which component of a homeostatic mechanism detects stimuli in the internal environment? Receptor
A receptor, a control center, and an effector make up a(n) ____. Homeostatic mechanism A temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is the ___ ___ for temperature regulation in the human body. Set point What factors do homeostatic mechanisms control? Body temperature and hormone levels of the blood, the internal environment Describe the role of the control center within a homeostatic mechanism. Receives receptor input, compares it to set point, initiates signals to effector In a homeostatic mechanism, muscles and glands that respond to signals from a control center are called the ___. Effector A specific condition in the internal environment to which a receptor responds is called a(n) ____. Stimulus Place the sequence of events that occurs in a response to a change in the internal environment in order, starting with the earliest event at the top. Change occurs in the internal environment (stimulus), receptor transmits information about the status of the internal environment, the information sent is compared to the set point by the control center, control center sends signals to the effectors, effectors respond to directions to alter the internal environment A molecule that detects a stimulus is called a(n) ____. Receptor Which homeostatic mechanism results in a response that returns the body’s condition towards normal levels? Negative feedback The set point of a homeostatic mechanism is the ___. Normal value for a condition The ____ of a homeostatic mechanism receives input regarding the environment, compares it to a set point, and initiates necessary changes in function. Control center A process that moves conditions away from the normal state is called a ___ feedback mechanism. Positive A(n) ____ is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus. Effector Identify two examples of positive feedback mechanisms. The onset of uterine contractions during labor increases the strength of uterine contractions, the initiation of blood clot formation stimulates further clot formation. In a homeostatic mechanism, a(n) ___ detects a stimulus, then a(n) ____ makes a comparison to a set point and signals a(n) _____ to cause a correction back to the set point. Receptor, control center, effector Most feedback mechanisms in the body are ____ feedback mechanisms. Negative
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Bodily changes are detected and responses are activated that reverse that change and restore stability during ____. Negative feedback The anatomical position can be described as ___. Standing upright, arms at side, palms facing forward A temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is the ___ ___ for temperature regulation in the human body. Set point The eyebrows are ___ to the eyes. Superior In a positive feedback mechanism, the presence of a substance ___. Increases the production of that substance. The navel (“belly button”) is ____ to the lungs. Inferior The mechanism in which chemicals carry out clotting and minimize bleeding is an example of a negative feedback mechanism. False (positive feedback mechanism) Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body are negative feedback mechanisms. True The patellar region (at the kneecap) is located on the ___ surface of the knee. Anterior, ventral or superficial Standing upright with arms at the sides and palms facing forward is referred to as being in the ___ position. Anatomical The “calf” of the leg is on its ___ side. Posterior Comparing their positions, the heart is ____ to the abdomen. Superior Comparing their positions, the heart is ____ to the lungs. Medial The umbilicus (belly button) is ____ to the chin because it is located below it. Inferior Which of the examples describes a positive feedback mechanism? A mechanism that increases the strength of uterine contractions during childbirth. The sternum is ____ to the heart. Anterior Regarding their positions, the left eye is ___ to the bridge of the nose. Lateral The vertebral column is ____ to the sternum (breastbone). Posterior The knuckles of the digits are ____ to the nails. Proximal The vertebral column is ____ to the scapula (shoulder blade). Medial The chin is ___ to the mouth. Inferior Regarding their positions, the wrist is ___ to the elbow. Distal or inferior On the head, the skin is ___ to the skull. Superficial The lungs are ___ to the heart. Lateral The knee is ___ to the ankle. Proximal
The bones of the arm are ____ to the muscles and skin. Deep Comparing their positions, the heart is ____ to the lungs. Medial The elbow is ___ to the shoulder. Distal A section along the ___ plane would separate the left eye from the right eye. Sagittal The cornea is the anterior most membrane covering the eye. Behind the cornea is the iris; thus, the cornea is ___ to the iris. Superficial A sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into ___ and ___ portions. Left; right The lungs are ___ to the ribs. Deep Which term refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions? Transverse A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions cut along a(n) ____ plane. Frontal or coronal On the head, the skin is ___ to the skull. Superficial The armpit is the ____ region of the body. Axilla or axillary A cut that divides the body into right and left portions gives a ___ section. Sagittal The term ____ is used to describe the arm. Brachial The bones of the arm are ____ to the muscles and skin. Deep The term ___ refers to the neck or a neck-like structure. Cervical A cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is called a(n) _____ plane. Transverse The cubital region is the ___. Elbow Cutting the tip of the nose off the body would be an example of cutting the body in the ___ plane. Coronal The term otic means the ___. Ear Which term refers to the armpit? Axillary/ axilla The arm (above the elbow) is the ____ region of the body. Brachial The term that refers to the neck is ____. Cervical The term ____ refers to the elbow. Cubital The term that means pertaining to the ear is ____. Otic, auricular, auricle The term cervical refers to the ____. Neck or a neck-like structure Anterior
Deep Distal Inferior Lateral Medial Posterior Proximal Superficial Superior
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