Fungi Worksheet

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California State University, Fullerton *

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1220L

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIO 1220L LAB WORKSHEET: FUNGI Part 1 – Fungi Review (use the information provided in the background material to answer the following questions) 1. Complete the table below comparing characteristic of fungal phyla. Phylum Examples Sexual Reproductive Structures Asexual Reproductive Structures Zygomycota (Zygote Fungi) -Rhizopus (the black bread mold.) - -the tips of two haploid hyphae fuse and undergo fertilization (plasmogamy followed by karyogamy) - form a diploid zygote (called a zygospore) contained within a protective structure (called a zygosporangium). -Meiosis takes place within the zygosporangium, yielding haploid spores. - mitotically-produced conidia are formed on specialized hyphae called conidiophores. Ascomycota (Sac or Cup Fungi) -Penicillium -Aspergillus -Peziza -sexual reproductive structures of sac fungi are called ascocarps. -Ascocarps contain sacs called asci. -Meiosis takes place in the asci to produce ascospores. - conidia produced on conidiophores. Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) -Bird’s-nest fungi -Puffballs -Shelf fungi -Corn smut (parasitic club fungus) - -Basidiomycetes produce basidia, club-shaped structures that are clustered on reproductive structures called basidiocarps. -The basidia produce basidiospores by meiosis. - conidia produced on conidiophores

BIO 1220L 2. Review of terminology – Fungal Diversity and Reproduction; fill in the blanks below with the correct terms. ● Sac fungi (Ascomycota) possess ascocarps (reproductive structures), which contain sacs called asci , which produce haploid ascospores by meiosis. ● Club fungi (Basidiomycota) possess basidiocarps (reproductive structures), which contain basidia , which produce haploid basidiospores by meiosis. ● Molds (Zygomycota) are a little different. In this group, diploid zygotes (called zygospore ) are produced by plasmogamy and karyogamy. Contained within zygosporangium , the zygotes undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. ● Lastly, don’t forget about fungal asexual reproduction. Hyphae called conidiophores produce conidia (asexual spores) by mitosis. 3. Imagine an ecosystem with no fungi. How would it be changed? - In an ecosystem without fungi, the biosphere would be off balance. Without Fungi, there would be no recycling of nutrients. Fungi play the role as the decomposers of plant debris including cellulose and lignin. Speculate about a possible evolutionary advantage to the fungus for the following: ● Penicillium makes and secretes an antibiotic. ● Ergot fungus (parasitizes rye grain) produces a chemical that is toxic to animals. The possible evolutionary advantage to the Ergot fungus by producing a chemical that is toxic to animal is that whenever any animal try to feed on the fungus 4. Provide one example from each of the three fungal groups and describe its ecological and economic importance. -Ascomycota (Penicillium): Of economic importance in the production of antibiotics and foods (cheese) -Basidiomycota (Shelf fungi): cause wood rot and affects the lumber industry as they invest in wood preservatives to prevent this damage. -Zygomycota (Rhizopus): a mold that has a in the carbon cycle. It works as a decomposer in the soil, dung, and many food types. It is able to recycle materials, like sugar and starch, in order to make use of what has previously been used. Part 2 – Fungi Diversity Exercises

BIO 1220L Use the information from the Fungi Under the Microscope document to answer the questions below. Asexual Reproduction in Fungi Molds and Conidia 1. Identify and describe the conidiophores and conidia of Penicillium (top left) , Aspergillus (top right) , and Rhizopus (next page). -Penicillium: After analyzing the penicillium, the conidiophores are the various clusters of blue flask-shaped phialides. The conidia are in the dry chains from the tips of the phialides, with the youngest spore at the base of the chain. The color seems to be kind of greenish. -Aspergillus: After analyzing the aspergillus, there is a conidiophore that appears to be smooth and long. It has biseriate phialides around the entire vesicle. There are clusters of blue-green conidia at the top. -Rhizopus: After analyzing the picture, the sporangiospores are the big red circles that have an inner dark brown on the outside of the circle. The sporangiophore are the various long, thin lines. 2. Look at the moldy fruit. What structures are you observing while viewing the mold? -The structures that I'm observing while analyzing the moldy fruit are various long thin conidiophores. The mold seems to have grown in a distance from each other because the conidia are not in clusters. Yeast and Budding 3. Look at the microscope slide image of yeast. Are any of the yeasts budding? If so, how can you tell? -Based on the image, some of the yeast does seem to be budding. I can tell because there seems to be various clumps which means that the smaller daughter cells pinching, or budding, off the mother cell. Fungal Diversity & Sexual Reproduction Zygomycota (Zygomycetes, or mold) 4. What is the ploidy level of these hyphae? n

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BIO 1220L 5. What is the ploidy level of the zygospores? 2n Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes, or Club Fungi) 6. What will the basidiospores give rise to The basidiospores would give rise to a diploid zygote that then undergoes meiosis. Ascomycota (Ascomycetes, or Sac / Cup Fungi) 7. What is the morel’s ploidy level? Are morels a type of mushroom? Why or why not? -Morels are considered a mushroom because despite not having gills or pores, they belong to the Ascomycota group. Fungal Symbiotic Relationships Lichens 8. Examine the images of the three types of lichen and describe the similarities and differences among the three growth forms. - foliose: very flat, leafy like lettuce -crustose: crust over a surface with vibrant orange color -fruticose: flat branches that tangle up with each other, very shrubby 9. Where would you expect to find the algae located in this organism? Why is this location advantageous? Keeping in mind that this is an ascomycete fungus, what specific name applies to the fruiting body seen here? I would expect to find algae located on the surface. This location is advantageous because it is located at the top for more access to sunlight for photosynthesis. Mycorrhizae 10. Structurally, explain how ectomycorrhizae differs from endomycorrhizae. (Functionally, ecto- and endomycorrhizae operate similarly.) - ectomycorrhizae: Hyphae do not penetrate root cells, forms extracellular colonization, produces a Hartig net between the cells in the root cortex -endomycorrhizae: Hyphae do penetrate root cells, forms intracellular colonization

BIO 1220L Part 3 – Activity ● Choose one of the fungi activities described in the FUNGI ACTIVITIES document. Chosen experiment/activity: Dissecting a Mushroom Describe your methods and include photos of your activity set-up. Activity Debrief 1. The mushroom that I dissected was composed of a stem, a cap with gills underneath. The cap was convex shaped so it was outwardly rounded. The texture was mostly smooth and sticky and the consistency was firm and rubbery. The exterior of the cap had scales mostly on the sides and not the top. As for the color, the exterior appeared brown however after cutting the cap the interior as a beige shade. On the underside of the cap there were a series of closely spaced slits, called gills. The gills were a dark brown and the spacing was very crowded. After pulling apart the stem lengthwise, I was able to spot thin, hairlike filaments which are known as the hyphae. The stape itself had a volva but no ring. The stem was short and was very textured compared to the cap. 2. Since a mushroom is considered a fruiting body, the main part would be the part of the fungus that produces spores. They are formed from hyphae, the tiny threads that make up the bulk of most fungi. A network of hyphae, known as a mycelium, extends in all directions through the soil. It then grows above

BIO 1220L the soil, developing into the stalk, cap and gills and Spores are produced on the gills. They are generally produced at the surface of the food source, rather than hidden within it, so the spores can be shed and can be carried away by the wind, water, or animals. The fruiting bodies are usually the only indication we have that a fungus is present.

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