3.1-3.8 study guides
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3.1
1. What achievements characterize the beginning of civilization? p. 367
planned cities, written
language, and agriculture
2.
What two things were the concentrations of the subject matter of prehistoric art? p. 367
food
and procreation
3. Where was the Minoan civilization? p. 369
Crete
4. What did the light-skinned figures in Minoan fresco represent? P.369-370
Women
5. What does 'Mesopotamia' mean and what rivers does the meaning represent? p. 370
Tigris
and Euphrates
6. What kind of society were the Sumerians? p. 370
polytheistic
7. What kind of writing did the Sumerians develop? p. 370
cuneiform writing
8. What decorative design or technique does the Sumerian
Standard of Ur
incorporate? p. 370-
371
Inlay
9. What do the
lamassu
, the human-headed winged lions of Ashumasirpal II's palace represent?
p. 372
the power and divinity of the Assyrian ruler
10. In ancient Egyptian writing what does 'sculptor' mean? p. 375
"he who keeps alive"
11. Which organ did the ancient Egyptians believe was the organ of thought? p. 376
Heart
12. What does the fowling scene from the tomb of Nebarmun teach us about life in ancient
Egypt? p. 377-378
Hunting techniques, importance of the Nile River,andPastime of ancient
Egyptians.
13. Which two architectural orders are visible on the Parthenon in Greece? p. 380
Doric and
Ionic
14. Which type of Greek vase painting was invented first? p. 383
Black figure
15. What purpose are the kouros sculptures believed to have served? p. 384
grave markers
16. In which work of art is the figure portrayed in a 'contrapposto' stance? p. 384
Doryphoros by
Polykleitos
17. What was significant about Etruscan women of wall paintings in tomb chambers? p. 386
tell
us that Etruscan women held a higher
status than women in many other ancient cultures.
18. Know the characteristics of Roman sculpture so you can know what is NOT a characteristic?
p. 386
elderly members of society depicted only rarely
19. What word means 'Temple of all the Gods'?
Pantheon
20. Which emperor rebuilt the Pantheon to enhance or build up his status? p. 387
Hadrian
21. Constantine's victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge is honored by which famous Roman
monument? p. 388
Arch of Constantine
22. Which Roman emperor aligned himself with both the pagan gods and with Christianity? p.
388
Constantine
3.2
1. What is one major difference between Cimabue's Virgin and Child Enthroned and Giotto's
painting of the same name? p. 408
Giotto creates a realistic space, while Cimabue focuses on
the spiritual aspect
2. Chartres Cathedral is known for what characteristics? p. 407
(its labyrinth, its blue windows,
possessing the Virgin Mary's tunic, and being a site of pilgrimage)
3. In a Romanesque church designed in the shape of a Latin cross, such as Sainte-Foy, what is
the shorter axis located near the east end of the church called? p. 405
Transept
4. Why do all mosques include a mihrab (a curved prayer niche built into the southern wall)? p.
403
it shows Muslims the direction of Mecca, toward which they pray
5. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, is sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christians, but for different
reasons. Which of these religions believe it was the site where Adam was created and where
Abraham was asked to sacrifice his son, Isaac? p. 401
Jews and Christians
6. In which manuscript were the visions of Hildegard of Bingen recorded? p. 399
Liber Scivias
7. Which of these churches features a central-plan? p. 394
Hagia Sophia
8. Which of these churches features a central-plan? p. 394
Hagia Sophia
9. Emperor Justinian I was the patron for which work? p. 394
Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
10. The visual appearance of Christ was similar to the appearance of pagan gods until which
century? p. 393
5th century CE
11. Which religious group commonly used calligraphy in their art? p. 394
Muslims
12. Which of the following is an example of a continuous narrative? p. 392
Exodus and
Crossing of the Red Sea, Dura Europos
13. Which of the following works of art is not considered 'didactic'? p. 392-399
cross-carpet
page from the Lindisfarne gospels
14. What type of art decorated the interior walls of Dura Europos? p. 391-392
frescoes
15. On which type of medieval architecture can spires be found? p. 391
Gothic
16. Which of the following is a characteristic of Romanesque architecture? p. 391
rounded
arches
17. What is the period that followed the end of the Western Roman Empire known as? 390
Middle Ages
18. To which location did Emperor Constantine move the center of the Roman Empire in 330
CE? p. 390
Byzantium
3.3
1. Know what religious pluralism is. p. 411
the acceptance of beliefs from different religions
and philosophies
2. Know what the channels of water are symbolic of in the garden design of the Taj Mahal. p.
412
represents the paradise of the afterlife for Muslims. Channels of water are symbolic of
the four rivers of paradise
3. Know what the female tree spirits hanging from the toranas of at the Great Stupa represent. p.
413
life, abundance, procreation
4. What are the attributes of Buddha? p. 414
knotted bun and stretched earlobes - remain
consistent, stylistic changes often reflect the regions in which the depictions were made.
5. Know what religion refers to its temples as "cosmic mountains". p. 415
Hinduism
6. To whom is the Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated? p. 415
Shiva
7. Know which symbol represents bi, or heaven, in the painted banner from Lady Dai Hou Fu-
ren's tomb? p. 417
Jade circles with twisting dragons
8. What is true of the terra-cotta army of soldiers found in the tomb of the first emperor of
China? p. 418
the figures were life-size, they were 8,000 figures, molds were used for the
various body pieces, unique features were added to each soldier
9. The earliest known painting in China dates back to how many years? p. 418
some 10,000
years ago
10. Which Chinese dynasty is known for its blue and white porcelain? p. 419
Ming
Dynasty(1368-1644 bce)
11. How is traditional tsumagi thread different from cotton thread? p. 422
it is waterproof
12. For Sonoko Sasaki, what gives her textiles meaning? p. 422
when they are worn
13. Whose life is depicted in The Hungry Tigress panel come from? p. 423
Buddha
14. What is the emotional undercurrent of the Tale of Genji? p. 424
sadness
15. Angkor Wat is the largest religious monument in the world. Where is it located? p. 426
Siem
Reap, Cambodia
16. Although Angkor Wat was originally built under Hindu rule, its towers are shaped like
____
lotus flowers
________, which for Buddhists represents strength and beauty in the face of
diversity. p. 426
3.4
1. The ____
art and architecture
_________ made by ancient people living in the Americas and
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studied in this chapter gives us information about their lives., beliefs and cultural practices. p.
429
2. Although they often had diverse cultural practices, a shared ____
belief in the human
connection with nature__
________ is reflected in the art created by people in the ancient
Americas. p. 429
3. The Raimondi Stela is a _
Chavín stone sculpture
_____________. p. 430
4. In ancient Andean art we see what? p. 430-431
both mythological figures and believable
depictions of human beings
5. Inca structures were made with what? p. 432
stones stacked precisely without mortar
6. The Mesoamercan artworks studied in this chapter include messages related to what? p. 433-
440
power, ritual, and kingship
7. The god Tlaloc, depicted on the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan, is associated
with what? p. 437
rain and fertility
8. As seen in the Bonampak mural and the page from the Codex Magliabechiano, what beliefs
did the Maya and Aztecs have in common? p. 437-440 (
A.
expecting human sacrifice to appease
the gods
B.
waging wars in order to capture sacrificial victims
C.
wearing regalia and using
ceremonial objects
D
.wanting to spill as much blood on the temple steps as possible)
9. Artists working in the Southwestern region of North America (Arizona, New Mexico,
Colorado and Utah) used ____
sun-dried mud bricks
_______ as important building materials. p.
440-441
10. What is a significant difference between the Mandan Robe with Battle Scene and the drawing
Wo-Haw Between Two Worlds? p. 441-442
Only the Mandan Robe has multiple figures.
11. Basket-weaving is a long-standing tradition for California Indians. What are two of the most
common methods of construction? p. 443
coiling and twining
3.5
1. Art from ___
Africa and the Pacific Islands
______ has served as a way to communicate
cultural beliefs, rules and fables to outsiders and within the community. p. 447
2. Some of the oldest art and artifacts in Africa were made up to _____
75,000
____ years ago. p.
447
3. In Africa, figurative sculpture has been made. Why and what for? p. 447-449
As a realistic
representation, To reflect knowledge and identity, As a mediator between ancestors and
living people, In place of a person who has passed away
4. 1the nkisi nkondi is made by which cultural group? p. 448
Yombe
5. Such artworks as the kente cloth and Kanaga mask appear how? p. 449-450
appear very
different when worn
6. Because of the materials traditionally used to make African buildings, what has happened to
them? p. 450
many of them no longer survive
7. The Great MOsque of Djenne and the Great Zimbabwe functioned as what? p. 451-452
both
functioned as trade centers
8. In the South African Embassy in Berlin, which elements of the building's design relate to the
past rather than the present? p. 453
the central courtyard and geometric wall decoration
9. What is a key difference between designs used in traditional Maori tattooing and Australian
aboriginal rock art? p. 454-455
Maori tattoos are abstract lines and shapes
10. Which color is used in both the Hawaiian feather clock (3.3.13a) and the maol ancestor from
Easter Island? p. 454, 456-457
Red
11. Why were the Abelam yam mask and cult house from Papua New Guinea made? p. 458
for
farming festivals and ritual ceremonies
3.6
1. What does the term "Renaissance" mean? What areas of the world was the Italian and
Northern European Renaissance influenced by? p. 460
The thousand years of European
history known as the Middle Ages were followed by the period means “Rebirth” and
Europe north of
Italy
2. What was evident in the art of Italian Renaissance to show the influence of the Classics? p.
460
The influence of Classical subject matter was evident in the number of nudes
mythological figures.
3. What was depicted differently in Northern Renaissance (Europe) art from Italian Renaissance?
p. 460
They depicted clothed religious or everyday figures and focus on both textural
details, using primarily oil paint, and symbolic meaning to convey moral messages
4. What three things expanded the transmission of ideas and artistic developments throughout
Europe during the Renaissance? p. 460
Improved literacy, means of travel, and printed
books.
5. What did the philosophical approach to life defined as Humanism stress? p. 460
stressed the
study of the Classical world & promoted the success of individuals as reflection of their
gifts from God.
6. What were some characteristics of the Baroque period in art history? p. 461
motion and
emotion
7. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, patrons made many decisions about how an
artwork would look. What are three ways a patron would decide artwork? p. 461
size,,subject
matter and even how much of an expensive pigment, such a ultramarine blue, the artist
could use what colors to use, how big to make an artwork, what would be depicted in a
piece, what important aspects of the piece would look like.
8. What are a couple of characteristics of Italian Renaissance that the artists were most concerned
with depicting? p. 461
making it look realistic, naturalism,perspective During the Middle
Ages, depictions of the nude body had been avoided except to show the weakness and
mortality of such sinners as Adam and Eve. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the works
of Giotto were part of a transition from spiritual Gothic art to the three-dimensional space
that became characteristic of the Italian
9. Which two artists competed to design the relief panels on the northern doors of the Florence
Baptistry in Florence, Italy? Which artist of the two won the competition? p. 461-462
Filippo
Brunelleshi and Lorenzo Ghiberti. Lorenzo won
10. For the artist who lost the competition, it turned out to be a blessing. Why? 461-462
After
that he won a competition to complete a 140- diameter dome for Santa Maria. He was
named the first Renaissance architect.
11. What is the difference between linear and atmospheric perspectives? p. 463-464
Linear
perspective is a technique for creating the illusion of three dimensional space. Atmospheric
is shades of color to create an illusion of depth. Closer objects have warmetone and clear
outlines.
12. What is a continuous narrative in art? p. 464
events that take place at different times are
shown together in a unified space
13. Give characteristics of the Renaissance in Northern Europe? p. 464
Countries now known
as the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Belgium.Less concerned with idealized figures
and perspectiveUse of symbolism. Developed oil painting techniques: Fine details, texture,
glazing
illumination,glazing and
tempera
14. What is the title of Van Eyck's work that represents the Northern European Renaissance?
What is an interesting fact about the reflection in the work? p. 466-467
The Arnolfini Portrait.
The painter's presence suggest he was declaring himself as one of the witnesses. The mirror
helps extend the illusion reality of the married couple. Original meaning is still unknown.
15. What is an example of the High Renaissance by Michelangelo? p. 468
The Last Judgment
16. What is Raphael's example of High Renaissance art in Italy? p. 470
The School Of Athens
17. What is Leonardo da Vinci's example given on page 468 as High Renaissance Italian
Renaissance?
Mona Lisa
18. Define Mannerism. p. 471
meaning charm,grace, playfulness mid to late 16th century
style of painting elongated human figures elevating grace as an ideal. Exaggerated poses for
emotional effect
19. What does iconoclasm encourage? p. 472
to break or destroy images for religious or
political reasons was an attempt to further the belief of Catholicism in opposition to
Protestants.
20. Read about Reformation (Protestant) and Counter-Reformation (Catholic) on pages 474-476.
Give complete contrast of da Vinci's The Last Supper painting and Durer's The Last Supper
woodblock. Some aspects to compare would be which represents Reformation and which
represents Counter-Reformation; media used; techniques used in the works; subject and at what
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timeframe of the story in each work; the belief each had as to what the communion was defined;
etc.
Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper (1497) depicts Christ sharing a last meal with his
disciples before his crucifixion artist used an experimental mixture of
media.
Eucharist
service (Communion).
Portray the tradition accepted by catholics who that communion
bread and wine are the body and blood of Christ.
Albrecht Durer Last Supper (1523) reflects Protestant Reformation
used woodblock
displaying an empty plate to signify the meal has already taken place; the still quiet and
somewhat bare scene reflects the Protestant Contemplative practice of direct connections
with Jesus. The absence of Judas tell us that he has already left to betray Jesus to the
authorities
21. Review the information on pages 480 and 481 about the statues of David. Create three
sections to describe each of the three statues. For each give the artist's name, the media used to
create the statue, the period during the Renaissance through Baroque, the point in time of the
story of David slaying Goliath and the characteristics the artists were trying to show. Why do the
statues look as they do? Hint: this pertains to the characteristics of the different periods of this
timeframe.
David by
Donatello
was a skilled sculptor of
of both bronze and marble
Early Renaissance.
First nearly full-scale male nude since antiquity; revives bronze casting. Follows classical
idealized nudes of ancient Greece and Rome.
David by
Michelangelo
High Renaissance. Carved from a single block of marble.Idealized,
Classical athletic body.Scarcely noticeable slingshot. David’s facial expression reveals a mood of
concentration and intensity.
David by
Bernini
Baroque. Designed to be viewed in the round. Emphasizes movement,
tension, drama: David is about to launch the stone to kill Goliath
Shows the stylistic characteristics of their time as well as their individual orginality each work
displays characteristic cultural and artistic concerns of their respective eras.
22. What is the example of Northern Baroque architecture given in the text? p. 481 and 484
Raising of the Cross by Peter Paul, Night watch, Funeral of Phocion
3.7
1. During the period of 1700-1865, what were three 'Ages' that this time was called? p. 486
Age
of Revolution all of which called for government by and for the people and equality for the
lower classes and of which inspired revolutions elise in Europe
2. What did Enlightenment mean in this age? p. 486
also called Age of Reason
Enlightenment
thinkers called for reason over faith, liberty over oppressive systems of government , and
equal rights for all men
3. Explain the quote by Jacques Rousseau, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains." p.
486
believed society should be governed by the consent and involvement of all the people..
Society must support equal rights and education.
4. Define Rococo. p. 487
Desiring the finest in everything the ruling classes financed endless
commissions of artworks Whimsical, frivolous subjects. Curved lines and organic forms.
Delicate, feathery brush strokes. Pastel colors.
5. What was the painting example given in text that defined Rococo? p. 487
The Swing
6. What was the example of Rococo architecture given? p. 488
Basilica of Vierzehnheiligen
7. Rejecting the Rococo style, what did some artists become interested in depicting in their
work? p. 48
9 Lighthearted subject matter did not appeal to all 18th-century artists. Instead,
they created art with moral message
8. Why did the Engraving Act of 1734, also known as the Hogarth's Act, pass as law? p. 489
The
prints were extremely popular and forged copies were rampant, so much that Hogarth
requested protection from Parliament for his original creations.
9. Explain the differences between The Marriage Contract by Jean-Baptiste Greuze and The
Marriage Settlement by William Hogarth. p. 489-491
The Marriage Contract by Jean-Baptiste Greuz
was known for his images that idealized
the virtue of the simple life of the lower classes. It is about a young couple about to be
married; the bride's father has given her dowry. Rustic surroundings suggest the poor are
closer to nature. Family is financially poor, rich in love.
The Marriage Settlement by William Hogarth is about a
First in a series of 6 paintings
showing the life of a couple in an arranged marriage. One family has wealth; another
name. Couples are disinterested in one another; dogs reflect their moods. Lawyer is flirting
with the bride.
10. Define Neoclassicism. p. 491 L
ate 18th-century art movement. Recalls Classical cultures;
Grand Tour. Historical or mythological stories convey a moral message. Emphasizes civic
responsibility and rational thought; morality. Stability, balance, order
11. What was the purpose and message that Jacque-Louis David presented in his work, Oath of
the Horatii? p. 491, 493
Because of its promotion of civic duty, or accepting personal
sacrifice in the service of one's nation. Its message is about sacrifice
12. In the French Academy, which type of painting was considered the finest in the hierarchy of
genres? p. 492
History Paintings
13. The Swiss-Austrian artist Angelica Kauffman was known for what accomplishment? p. 494
Was one of only two women amongst the thirty-four original members of The British Royal
Academy of Arts.
14. What was the architectural example of Neoclassicism? p. 495
Monticello
15. Explain the purpose/message that William Blake depicted in his engraving, A negro hung
alive by the ribs to a gallows. p. 496
Stedman’s narrative states that the slave was left to die
slowly and did so without complaint, a comment that reveals Stedman’s still wavering
opinions on the degree to which such torture would have affected the man. Showing his
Humanity and the slow death underwent.
16. Who was Jean-Baptiste Belley? p. 496
Belley sold into slavery as two. In 1793, Belley was
the first black man elected to the French National Convention. Argued for the abolition of
slavery, which led to unanimous vote to end practice in France. Bust of Enlightenment
writer Raynal, who opposed slavery.
17. What was the nineteenth century European art movement that emphasized individuality,
drama, heightened, intense emotions along with the power and beauty of nature? p. 497
Romanticism
18. Why did Eugene Delacroix include people of ALL ages and social classes in Liberty Leading
the People? p. 497
to show people bravely rising up against their government shows the
chaos and sacrifice of people all ages and social classes coming together, united against the
monarchy and nobility.
19. In JMW Turner's Slave Ship, he shows the Romanticism movement by the power of the
ocean and the intense emotions involved in the message. What was he painting about in this
work? p. 498-499
Was highlighting the injustice of the slave trade and protesting against
any consideration of its
renewal. Portrays the slave ship Zong in 1781.
20. Who founded the Hudson River School and what were the subjects painting by the member
artists? p. 499
Thomas Cole and Romantic, American landscapes reflect national pride;
sublime nature
3.8
1. What major changes were happening in Europe and America in the second half of the
nineteenth century? Be complete. p. 501
Railways, steamships, industrial growth, urban
development. Expanding middle class, Invention of photography.cultures and lifestyles
were changing radically: railways expanded rapidly, steamships crossed the world’s oceans,
and industrial growth bought the rural poor to cities new technologies
2. What did the Impressionists and the Post-Impressionists seek to capture in their art? p. 501
Explore impact of formal qualities but still representational.
3. What did the Symbolists and the Expressionists attempt to portray in their art? p. 501
attempted to portray what could be felt not seen, venturing into the realm of the abstract
4. What is abstract art? p. 501 and 518
art imagery that departs from recognizable images of
the natural world.
5. What is Modernism? p. 501
movement that essentially broke with tradition embraced
modern industrial materials and a machine aesthetic
6. What was the opinion of the academies about Alexander Cabanel's Birth of Venus? p. 502-503
They praised and accepted it submissive to the viewers gaze.
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7. Who was Birth of Venus purchased by? p. 503
Emperor Napoleon III
8. What did the Salon (that praised and accepted Birth of Venus) think of Edouard Manet's
Luncheon on the Grass? p. 503
They rejected it.Were mocked by some critics controversial
scene of leisure distant form artistic standard of the academy form modern painters
9. Define the Realism art movement. p. 504
concerned with social change: inequality of the
poor
10. What were these artists hoping to achieve by their works? p. 504
achieving social change
after the Revolution of 1848
11. How did Gustave Courbet shock the critics when he painted The Stonebreakers? p. 504
shocking for its depiction of working class people on large canvas, a scale normally
reserved for the heroic subject matter of history paintings.
12. The invention of photography was revolutionary to the world. What was the benefits to
working with photography over paintings? p. 506
Was less laborious, and less expensive, less
time consuming way to record a likeness or an event in a very realistic manner.
13. Thomas Le Clear's artwork, Interior with Portraits, is an oil painting but he is depicting the
artist working with what medium in the artwork? p. 507
photography
14. As Director of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Thomas Eakins was known for what
controversial teaching methods? What did he promote as teaching methods over traditional
European approaches? p. 508
were controversial b/c of their deviation from traditional
European approaches. Rather than study Classical nudes, he preferred a Realist manner
promoting the study of anatomy through observation of dissections and allowing women to
study the full male nude, promoting the study of anatomy through photographs)
15. In the Impressionist movement, what does en plein aire mean? Why did these artists prefer
this activity? p. 508-509
“In the open air” describes painting out of the door from start to
finish. Captures the essence moment in time.
16. What was a favorite subject of Claude Monet? How are some of the works in this subject
displayed in a museum? p. 513
Impressionistic each work varied slightly in a way it captured
mood, lights, color time of day and atmosphere
17. What is the story behind the Post-Impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night? p.
515-51
Lived with Gauguin for a brief time; challenged and annoyed each other. He was
hospitalized for cutting off his ear. View from his window during a stay in an asylum.
Paintings express his strong emotions: thick impasto, sense of color and for6
18. What technique of painting did Van Gogh use? p. 515
Impasto
19. Who was the artist Camille Claudel? p. 516
Highly skilled sculptor, lyrical compositions
Judged differently as a female artist. Trained with Auguste Rodin, her lover. Family placed
her in an insane asylum where she spent 30 year
20. What is the story behind her sculpture The Waltz and Auguste Rodin's The Kiss? p. 516
the
physicality and sensuality of the couple create rhythmic energy as they seem to glide
through their dance was a reference to the love affair between the two sculptors.
21. How does Henry Ossawa Turner challenge the stereotype of black men entertainers in his
work, Banjo Lesson? p. 516-517
Depicts the passing of knowledge between generations.
Confronts stereotypes of smiling black men as simple-minded entertainers. He symbolizes
the boy’s spiritual and mental growth with the light coming in through the window,
creating a soft rhythm
22. What are the characteristics of Art Nouveau? p. 520
Emphasized decorative pattern.
Organic lines, gold, forms in nature
23. Who was the Expressionist artist who was the first to make a non-objective or completely
abstract painting? p. 521
Russian Vasily Kandinsky
24. What was Vasily Kandinsky's Improvisation #30 referencing the emotions of? p. 522
express
inner spiritual quality