Chapter Five notes

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Chapter Five notes ❖ Principles of Design ➔ The principles of design in art are a set of guidelines or concepts that artists use to create visually appealing and compelling compositions. These principles provide a framework for organizing and arranging various elements within a work of art, such as lines, shapes, colors, textures, and spaces. ➔ Composition:- The arrangement of all visual elements in a 2D work of art. ➔ Design:- The arrangement of all visual elements in a 3D and 2S work of art.

➔ The Principles of Design serve as a set of guidelines that artists employ to shape their artistic compositions. ❖ Unity and Variety ➔ Unity and variety are two essential principles in art that help create visual interest and balance within a composition. ★ Unity:- is a sense of oneness, of things belonging together and making up a coherent whole. ★ Variety:- is the difference that provides interest. ★ Unity can be achieved through the repetition of particular visual elements, consistent use of color schemes or styles, or the presence of a dominant theme or concept. It provides a sense of order and helps the viewer perceive the artwork as a unified entity.

★ Visual unity:- unity based on the elements of shape, line, color, and so on. ★ Conceptual Unity:- unity through ideas. Annette Messager. Mes Voeux. 1989. Framed photographs and handwritten texts, suspended with twine, 59 × 15 ¾". ❖ Balance ➔ Balance in art refers to the distribution of visual weight within a composition. It involves the arrangement and placement of elements to create a sense of equilibrium and stability. ★ Visual weight:- apparent "heaviness" or "lightness" of the forms arranged in a composition. This is gauged by how much a shape draws our attention.

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➔ When visual weight is equally distributed to either side of a felt or implied center of gravity, we feel that the composition is balanced. ★ Balance can be achieved through various methods, including the use of symmetry, asymmetry, or radial balance. ❖ Symmetrical Balance ➔ Symmetrical balance is when the forms of the composition mirror each other across a central axis. Haruka Kojin. Reflector. 2007. Installation at the Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, April 10–June 22, 2008.

➔ Symmetrical balance is often used to express order, harmony, and authority, whether earthly and social or cosmic and spiritual. ★ Mandala:- “circle” diagram of a cosmic realm. ❖ Radial Balance ➔ Compositional forms emerge equally in all directions from a central point. ★ Radial balance occurs when elements radiate outward from a central point, creating a circular or spiral arrangement. This type of balance is often seen in designs that have a central focal point, such as mandalas or radial patterns. Mandala of Jnanadakini. Late 14th century. Distemper on cloth, without mount 29 ½ × 33"

❖ Asymmetrical Balance(not symmetrical) ➔ Asymmetrical is a composition that has two sides that do not match Gustav Klimt. Death and Life. Before 1911, finished 1915. Oil on canvas, 5' 10" × 6' 6". 1. A large form is visually heavier than a smaller form. 2. A dark-value form is visually heavier than a light-value form of the same size. 3. A textured form is visually heavier than a smooth form of the same size. 4. A complex form is visually heavier than a simple form of the same size. 5. Two or more small forms can balance a larger one. 6. A smaller dark form can balance a larger light one. Some principles of visual balance.

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❖ Emphasis and Subordination ➔ Emphasis and subordination are complementary concepts. ★ Emphasis:- means that viewer attention is drawn more to certain parts of a composition than others. ★ Focal point:- when emphasizing a relatively small, clearly defined area. ❖ Subordination:- means that some regions of the composition are deliberately made less visually attractive so that the areas of emphasis stand out. Henry Ossawa Tanner. The Banjo Lesson. 1893.

❖ Scale and Proportion ➔ Proportion and scale both have to do with size. ★ Scale:- means size in relation to a standard or “normal” size. ➔ Normal size is the size we expect something to be or real size. Robert Jacob Gordon. Giraffa camelopardalis (Giraffe). 1779. ★ Proportion:- refers to size relationships between parts of a whole or between two or more items perceived as a unit. Stela of the sculptor Userwer, detail. Egypt. Dynasty 12, 1991–1783 B.C.E. Limestone.

★ Hierarchical Scale:- Using changes in size to indicate relative importance. A royal altar to the hand (ikegobo). Benin. 18th century. Brass, height 17 ¾" ➢ Golden section:- a proportion that has fascinated many artists and architects. Leonardo da Vinci. Study of Human Proportions According to Vitruvius. ca. 1485–90.

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➔ A golden section divides a length into two unequal segments in such a way that the smaller segment has the same ratio to the larger segment as the larger segment has to the whole. Proportions of the golden section and golden rectangle ❖ Rhythm Rhythm:- is based on repetition and is a basic part of the world we find ourselves in. Santiago Calatrava. Wave. 2002. Steel, bronze, nylon, and granite reflecting pool, 79 ¼ × 816 × 312"

➔ Rhythm in art can be dynamic and energetic, creating a sense of excitement and liveliness, or it can be calm and soothing, establishing a peaceful visual flow ★ Visual Rhythm:- depends on the repetition of accented elements, usually shapes.