Thematic Questions 3

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Verity Pobst Thursday, April 20, 2023 HUM 2235 Professor Montgomery Unit 3 Thematic Questions 1.) The Protestant Reformation happened on October 31, 1517, in Wittenberg, Germany. It was a religious reform that had swept through Europe which resulted in a split of the Western Church into Protestantism. Before all of this happened there were quite a few reasons why the Reformation started. The Catholic churches were selling indulgences that were intended to offer remission of a sin that the people had done and in turn made money on the behalf of the Pope to have funds to build St. Peter’s Basilica. The people would buy indulgences for the church to forgive their sins and they could also buy indulgences for others that had passed away Another thing that happened that led to the Protestant Reformation was that the church gave more power to secular rulers than to the people for their gain rather than the well-being of the people. The four main causes of the Protestant Reformation were social, political, economic, and religious.

Martin Luther was a German teacher and a monk who had brought the Protestant Reformation up. He had challenged the Church’s teachings. He also had written what is called “Ninety-Five Theses” in 1517, which were meant for the Church who were selling indulgences. It was posted on the door of the church in Wittenberg. He did not agree with the indulgences as he thought it was an abuse of practice in the church. He did not believe that the Church had the power to pardon the sins of people and that only God had the authority to forgive the people. In the document, he stated that the sale of indulgences was not right and needed to be addressed. He also stated that basically, the Pope was rich enough and did not need any more money than he already had. Martin Luther’s three main teachings are that Salvation comes from faith, teachings only come from the Bible, and everyone that has faith is equal. Before the printing press was invented everything had to be written by hand. The printing press is what allowed Luther’s “Ninety-Five Theses” to be spread throughout the town. This is how he got his word out about his thoughts and what the church was doing was wrong. In 1521, Luther was excommunicated (excluded from participating) from the Church because he would not recant his writings and in turn, was declared an outlaw.

2.) The Reformation Art was not like any other it had differences compared to the other art that was made during that period. The art in the Northern Renaissance had a powerful influence on the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation Art accurately represents the daily lives and the natural world around the people. The paint that they used is much different than what was used in the Italian Renaissance. They used oil paints which dried a lot faster than what was used in the Italian Renaissance. Although there were quite a few artists during the Northern Renaissance some have become famous for their works of art. Jan van Eyck was one of the artists and is considered the father of the Northern Renaissance. He creates real-life details in his work of art and to paint every detail he would use a brush that only had one hair on it. He created the illusion of three- dimensional space, and his theme was more of a depiction of earthy objects. One of his famous artworks was “Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride” most known as “Arnolfini Marriage” . This painting was a very important piece of art because it showed the marriage of two ordinary people. Another important Northern Renaissance artist would be Albrecht Dürer and came close to Van Eyck’s paintings because of the details he would paint in his artwork. In his work, he painted people how they appeared in real life.

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One of his most famous paintings was “The First Apostles” which was influenced by Luther and the Protestant Reformation. The painting was of two apostles and on the second panel was that of two more apostles. The apostles represented something that they were important for. An interesting fact about this painting is that at the bottom of it, you can see words (quotes) that come from Luther’s translation of the Bible. The theme that he did in his paintings reflected the style of medieval religious devotions. In conclusion, Northern Renaissance art had major differences compared to the Italian Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance focused more on the Science aspect such as symmetry and anatomy. The Northern Renaissance focused more on the daily lives of people. Both did use realism and humanism in their pieces of art. Also in the Northern Renaissance, they focused more on the smaller details and more on mathematics. 3.) Louis XIV lived in the Palace of Versailles in France and ruled there for over 72 years. He was ruled king at the age of 7 but since he was a young boy his mom was ruled a regent in his name. When he got older, he believed in the divine right of kings which is the king’s right to rule came directly from God. Louis had transformed Versailles into a hunting lodge outside of Paris an immense palace of great opulence. At Versailles, he used a series of

tightly controlled rituals to keep the nobles vying for his favor. To prevent the nobles from developing their regional power they had to spend a specific amount of time at Versailles. Louis XIV was an absolute monarch that was not bound by the Constitution but was completely in power. He completely controlled everything that happened in France and saw himself above everyone else. He was called “The Sun King” because he thought everything revolved around him as the planets did the sun. He limited the power of the French citizens by getting rid of their power and got rid of the voice of most of the French population. He created branches of government that oversaw the powers of the government that would have been performed. He declared that he would rule without a chief minister because in his belief he was the direct representative of God. While in reign, France had gone into war with several European nations which caused financial ruin for Versailles. The Palace of Versailles has a garden that had become the artistic expression of the Baroque. The Versailles had large, curved forms, twisted columns, and high domes. It had geometrical units, and the façade was rectilinear which made it more of a Baroque architecture. One of the most famous interiors of the Palace is the Hall of Mirrors and the room opened into the gardens. According to en.chateauversailles.com, “The Hall of Mirrors pays tribute to the political, economic, and artistic success of

France.” They also had a War room that was in the Palace of Versailles which plays tribute to the military victories which led to peace. The walls were covered in marble and were decorated with six trophies and weapons in glided bronze. The Gardens of Versailles contains 400 statues which makes them the largest sculpture in the world. The garden was built as a symbol of Louis XVI's absolutism over man and nature. In the garden, there is also what is called a grove of Versailles which was created by André Le Nòtre who was the gardener at the time. An interesting fact about the garden is that it is laid out in a French formal garden style. Works Cited https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/palace/hall-mirrors#the-hall-of- mirrors

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