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Parental Style and Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood Cami Frimann-Dahl College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Grand Canyon University CNL 518: Lifespan and Development Professor Lisa Bolden August 8, 2023 1

Parental Style and Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood The style of parenting has important implications on the socioemotional development of children. Parenting style is determined by the amount of parental control combined with the amount of parental involvement, including their warmth and responsiveness towards their children (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019). The key to healthy socialization and emotional adjustment of children is parental involvement (Kauser & Shafique, 2008). This paper will describe the four parenting styles and their effect on the socioemotional behavior of a 10-year-old child. Authoritarian Authoritarian parenting is characterized by parents who have high expectations and demands on their children in all areas of their life coupled with low involvement, low responsiveness and warmth, sometimes referred to as cold-limiting due to the high level of control (Kompirovic et al, 2020). Children are expected to comply with an uncompromising set of strict rules where the use of force and harsh discipline are employed. Opinions of the children are not wanted, and their needs and wishes are not considered (Kail & Cavanugh, 2019). A10-year-old child whose parents with an authoritarian style of parenting have overall poorer mental health outcomes with low self-esteem, lower quality of life, and low happiness ratings (Niaraki & Rahimi, 2012). A 10-year-old raised in this style will likely be anti-social, have problems at school with both their academics and peer relationships, exhibiting a high degree of aggressiveness (Komprivoic, 2020). Authoritative Authoritative style of parenting refers to parenting that is high on warmth and responsiveness to their children’s needs, has a moderate level of discipline and expectations with open, two-way communication (Niaraki & Rahimi, 2012). Children experiencing this w arm- 2

restrictive parenting style are heard with a high level of parental understanding. The home environment is one where children receive a high level of emotional support, creating a loving and safe home (Niaraki & Rahimi, 2012). Authoritative parenting is considered the healthiest parenting style and leads to a positive outcome of socioemotional development (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019). A 10-year-old child will feel safe and secure, have a positive psychosocial maturity and be academically successful (Kauser & Shafique, 2008). The child will also have greater social competence, positive relationships with their peers, and a higher degree of self-control (Kompirovic et al, 2020). Permissive Permissive parenting is characterized as a warm-lenient style of parenting where parental control is low and parental involvement is described as very warm. (Kauser & Shafique, 2008, Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019). These parents have little if any structure and/or boundaries and discipline, as well as little or few expectations (Niaraki & Rahimi, 2012). Communication is low on parent-to-child communication but high on child-to-parent communication. These parents are accepting of their child’s behavior and rarely, if at all, punish the child, remaining emotionally aloof (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019). A typical 10-year-old child raised by permissive parents tends to ignore rules and boundaries set in other environments and therefore has low self-control and behaves in an egocentric way (Kompirovic, 2020). The child will have lower self-esteem, and lower quality of life, and Niaraki & Rahimi (2012) found that the lack of discipline puts them at risk of becoming impulsive as they have no control over their wants/desires. These children tend to have poor mental health. 3

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Uninvolved The uninvolved parent shows little or no parental involvement or control (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019). These parents are “emotionally and physically detached from their children and show a low level of care and support for their children” (Kompirovic, 2020, p. 36). There is little desire to have any meaningful relationship with their children. These children have low self-esteem, low quality of life and poor mental health. One might wonder why these parents decided to have children at all. These children grow up with little or no boundaries or focus on them, no emotional support or parental involvement resulting in unhealthy socioemotional development. They tend to isolate, are socially awkward with inappropriate behaviors and prone to aggressive behavior. These children tend to not do well in any area of their life. This paper examined four distinct parenting styles, each with their own combination of the amount of parental control and involvement and the socioemotional outcome of each on a child. Authoritative parenting results in children who are well-adjusted, socially and academically successful, with high levels of self-esteem, quality of life and healthy mental health. 4

References Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2019). Human development: A life-span view (8e, eight edition ed.). Cengage. Kausar, R., & Shafique, N. (2008). Gender Differences in Perceived Parenting Styles and Socioemotional Adjustment of Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 23(3-4), 93-105. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rukhsana-Kausar/publication/277236196_Gender_ Differences_in_Perceived_Parenting_Styles_and_Socioemotional_Adjustment_of_Adole scents/links/5ae18a9f0f7e9b2859482879/Gender-Differences-in-Perceived-Parenting- Styles-and-Socioemotional-Adjustment-of-Adolescents.pdf Kompirovic, T., Radojevic, T., Duric, I. (2020) . The Correlation Between Parenting Styles and Childrens’ Social Competences and Anti-social Behavior . The New Educational Review. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edo&AN=148349126&site=eds-live&scope=site Niaraki, F., & Rahimi, H. (2012). The impact of authoritative, permissive and authoritarian behavior of parents on self-concept, psychological health and life quality. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2(1), 78-85. https://european- science.com/eojnss/article/view/24/pdf 5

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