Exam 1

docx

School

Virginia Commonwealth University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

BIOL-403

Subject

Anthropology

Date

Apr 3, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by CaptainEchidnaMaster879

Sonakshi Rout ANTH 403 Question 1) One reproductive strategy is called infanticide which is when an infant is led to death due to being harmed by a non-parent and the action is typically known to be intentional t. It is a widespread practice amongst mammals and males that are in polygynous societies commonly practicing this tactic. When males commit infanticide, they increase their chances in fitness since the female will resume ovarian cycle faster and would depend on the male to produce an offspring with them (Kulick et al 2021). White-face capuchins have reported doing infanticide and it typically done in association with alpha male replacements (Fredigan et al 2021). As for the parenting roles for this species they live in large multi male-female groups. They give birth to 1 offspring at a time and their birth interval ranges from 18-22 months. Other primate species that participate in infanticide are ring-tailed lemurs, red lemurs, yellow baboons, chimpanzees, saddle-back tamarins, black fronted titi monkey ,and common marmosets (Kulick et al 2021). Another reproductive strategy that is depicted by primates is the female preference for prime flanged males which are large and have fleshy cheeks (Knots et al 2009). While the results showed that since prime males appeared larger than the females and used tactics such as being hostile it would suggest that female choice for this male happened due to intimidation. However, a strategy that was called the sit and wait strategy which is when males give a call for receptive females and these tactics mainly used due to the fact there was too much risk in a lacking population because the search cost would be too high( Knotts et al 2009). Female orangutans prefer specific types of genes as they tend to seek out dominant flanged males (Knots et al 2009). For the parenting roles the infants tend to cling to their mothers for a long time as the life history plan shows that from 0-3 years they are depended on their mother ,4-8 is the juvenile stage in

which their locomotion and motor skills improve, and then adulthood for males is reached 14 for males while for females they reach adulthood from 10-11 (Knotts et al 2009). Primates also utilize a strategy called mate guarding and it is a fundamental part of monogamous and non- monogamous primates. The strategy is used to increase the chance of reproductive success of males and reduce the competition of rival mates for mates. Mate- guarding was studied in Assamese macaques and was reported to be long and often last for several weeks (Fürtbauer et al. 2011). Mate-guarding is when the male keeps an eye on the female close by and observes her activities but does not control what she decides to do. As for parentals roles go the males teach the offspring skills while the females are actively caring for the offspring. Reproductive strategies relate to ecology due to ecological factors such as diet, activity budgets, resource, primate relationship with others, predation. Ecological factors such as variations in temperature and rainfall have an effect on primate distribution and what strategies the primates will utilize in order to survive. An example of this is of the lemurs when they utilize reproductive synchrony as they maximize the period of when there is a high abundance of food so that they are able to provide for their offspring before the dry season arrives (Radespiel et al 2022).Reproductive strategy can also relate to phylogeny. Reproductive strategies can determine a species’ evolutionary history and explain diversity patterns since phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships amongst organisms (Moreau et al 2019).

Question 2) There are a multitude of ways to define adaptations in order for primates. Some of the distinct factors that define adaptation are body size, diet, social behaviors, morphological features. Scientists consider morphological or molecular factors when trying to understand the phylogeny and the classification of primates (Shoshain et al 1996) . Scientists also observe behaviors to identify behavioral adaptations (Strier 2017). Scientists have devised ways of grouping and distinguishing the traits between distinct species and how they are affected to connect with phylogeny. There are two types of shared traits which are called homologous and analogous. Homologous is when the trait is descended from the same organism while analogous is when the trait evolves twice (Vergamini, 2024). There are two categories of homology which are called symplesiomorphies and synapomorphies. Synapomorphy is best defined as being a shared derived character and is one of the only trait types to show information about relationships. Symplesiomorphies are best defined as shared ancestral traits and everyone in the ingroup has a common trait. Phylogenetics trees help show evolutionary relationships amongst the taxa and they are benefited by synapomorphies due to evidence of past relationships which aids the phylogenies construction (Vergamini 2024). For example, Cercopithecoids and Hominoids contain two premolars, ischial callosities, and downward facing nostrils while the other organisms lack these traits . Due to these shared derived traits, this allows scientists to group the Cercopithecoids and Hominoids into the Catarrhines (Vergamini, 2024). In addition, while these two groups share these derived traits, they are still grouped as Cercopithecoids being different from Hominoids due to the Hominoid

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

derived traits such as loss of tail, larger brain, and broad thorax, thus further showing how synapomorphies contribute to phylogeny reconstruction (Vergamini, 2024). Scientists also enable the use of genetics to recognize adaptations in primates. An example of this can be found by the snub-nosed monkey. The genetic data depicted the phylogenetic relationships of the snub-nosed monkey and how the sister group is the combined Pygathrix and Nasalis + Simias clade (Kuang et al, 2023). The genetic data indicates that. Genetic diversity indicates the adaptation potential of populations. For example, populations that had excessive amounts of genetic diversity were more prone to having adaptations in the changing environment. Genome sequencing technology has been used to examine patterns in genetic diversity and by identifying the genes shows traces of adaptations within the population (Radwan and Babik, 2012). Scientists also use morphological features to recognize and define adaptations in the order primates. For example, in the Strephines there are two groups which are the lemurs and the loiser they differentiate from other non-primate mammals due to their morphological adaptation of the tooth comb (Vergamini, 2024). Another example is the morphological adaptations of the Haplorrhines which consists of a more reduced snout, more converged orbits, and loss tapedrum and these morphological traits are absent from other primates (Vergamini, 2024).

Extra Credit) Orangutans prefer prime flanged males but if only prime flanged males surround them what preference do they have and what other characteristics they can choose as a mate? . I would observe by doing continuous focal sampling to observe the primates. The study population would consist of prima alpha males and females.

Citations Novick, L.R., Catley, K.M. & Funk, D.J. Characters Are Key: The Effect of Synapomorphies on Cladogram Comprehension. Evo Edu Outreach 3, 539–547 (2010) Knott, C. D., Emery Thompson, M., Stumpf, R. M., & McIntyre, M. H. (2010). Female reproductive strategies in orangutans, evidence for female choice and counterstrategies to infanticide in a species with frequent sexual coercion. Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological Sciences , 277 (1678), 105–113. Kuang, W., Zinner, D., Li, Y., Yao, X., Roos, C., & Yu, L. (2023). Recent Advances in Genetics and Genomics of Snub-Nosed Monkeys ( Rhinopithecus ) and Their Implications for Phylogeny, Conservation, and Adaptation. Genes , 14 (5), 985. Kulick, N. K., Cheves, S., Chaves-Cordero, C., Lopez, R., Morales, S. R., Fedigan, L. M., & Jack, K. M. (2021). Female-committed infanticide followed by juvenile-enacted cannibalism in wild white-faced capuchins. Primates , 62 (6), 1037–1043. Moreau, C., Danis, B., Jossart, Q., Eléaume, M., Sands, C., Achaz, G., Agüera, A., & Saucède, T. (2019). Is reproductive strategy a key factor in understanding the evolutionary history of Southern Ocean Asteroidea (Echinodermata). Ecology and evolution, 9(15), 8465–8478. Radespiel, U., Rakotondravony, R., Rasoloharijaona, S., & Randrianambinina, B. (2022). A 24- Year Record of Female Reproductive Dynamics in Two Sympatric Mouse Lemur Species in Northwestern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology, 43(4), 559–583 Radwan, J., & Babik, W. (2012). The genomics of adaptation. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 279(1749), 5024–5028. Shoshani, J., Groves, C. P., Simons, E. L., & Gunnell, G. F. (1996). Primate Phylogeny: Morphological vs Molecular Results. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 5(1), 102–154.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Schülke, O., Heistermann, M., & Ostner, J. (2014). Lack of Evidence for Energetic Costs of Mate-Guarding in Wild Male Assamese Macaques (Macaca assamensis). International Journal of Primatology , 35 (3–4), 677–700. Vergamini, M. (2021). Primatology Lectures

Exam 1

Related Documents