Lizard Evolution Virtual Lab: Explore Ecomorphs and Phylogeny

LIZARD EVOLUTION VIRTUAL LAB Answer the following questions as you finish each module of the virtual lab or as a final assessment after completing the entire virtual lab. Module 1: Ecomorphs • At the beginning of the virtual lab, you were asked to sort eight lizards into categories. What criteria did you initially use to make your groups? Did you revise your criteria later? Why?- I based my criteria on the size of the anoles’ legs. I did not revise my criteria later. I chose the size of the anoles legs because I believe that each of the different anoles had involved based on their habitat and I wanted to base my experiment on that • An adaptation is a structure or function that is common in a population because it enhances the ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Provide one example and an explanation of one adaptation in the Anolis lizards.- One adaption is the short legs on the sheplani Hispaniola anoles lizard. This is most likely due to the slim branch it lives on. The short legs make the lizard able to hold onto the branch/twig better and survive longer because it does not fall off • Provide one evolutionary explanation for why lizards living in the same part of the habitat (i.e., grass) would have similar characteristics in the same habitat

would have similar characteristics because there are many ways to do something. However, there is only one way that is the best of surviving. Basically, lizards in the same habitat have the characteristics that are most fit for survival, so most lizards in that habitat would exhibit those most fit characteristics • What is an ecomorph? Provide one example from the virtual lab.- Ecomorphs are species with similar body types and habitats. An example is how the sheplani Hispaniola and occult’s Puerto Rico lizards both have short legs • How is an ecomorph different from a species?- It only classifies the organisms that have similar body types and habitats but species can have other different characteristics such as color or look • Explain how a particular body feature of one of the lizard ecomorphs from the virtual lab is an adaptation to their particular niche.- The occult’s Puerto Rico anole has short legs because it needs to be able to stick/crawl on slim things in their habitat

Module 2: Phylogeny • In module 1, you identified which species of lizards were most similar to one another based on relative limb length and toe pad size. In this module, you determined which lizards are more similar to one another based on what type of information?- I determined which lizard are more similar based on DNA sequence analysis • Are the species of lizard that are more similar to one another according to body type also more closely related based on the results obtained in this module?- the species that are similar according to body type are not more closely related based on the results obtained from the DNA sequence analysis • The figures below show two phylogenetic trees similar to the one you constructed in the virtual lab but with more lizards. The trees below show the evolutionary relationships among species from four ecomorphs from the four largest Caribbean islands. Figure 1. Phylogeny of anole lizards on four of the major Caribbean islands color- ‐ coded according to geographical

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distribution. Light dotted line, Puerto Rico; small dashed line, Cuba; large dashed line, Hispaniola; and solid line, Jamaica. Figure 2. Phylogeny of anole lizards in the four major Caribbean islands colored in according to ecomorph. Light dotted line, twig; small dashed line, trunk- ground; ‐ large dashed line, trunk- crown; ‐ solid line, grass- bus. ‐ What conclusion can you draw about the evolution of the Anolis lizards based on these figures?- I can draw about the evolution of the Anolis lizards is based on ecological niches on an island rather than the entire island itself. Two anoles on different islands can have similar traits as long as their ecological niches are similar. • What is convergent evolution? Use evidence from the trees to explain how the Anolis lizards are an example of this concept.- Convergent evolution is where organisms that aren't closely related independently evolve and have similar traits due to similar environments or ecological niches. The phylogenetic trees show this type of evolution because similar traits are based on environments, and not location/species type. For example, anolis cybotes and anolis sagrei both are trunk ground anoles, but live on different islands.

Module 3: Experimental Data • In Dr. Losos’s experiment, why was it important that the experimental islands lacked lizards?- it was important because it allowed each ecomorph to be isolated and easier to study their evolutions • Dr. Losos’s data suggest that after only a few generations, the lizards on the experimental islands have shorter legs on average than the lizards on the larger island. Explain how the data you collected either support or do not support this - The data I collected supported Dr. Losos's claim because it shows that because the environment on the island was more suited for shorter legs, the lizards evolved to have shorter legs. Ecomorphs are based on ancestral causes, not geological location/isolation, so the anoles evolved with shorter legs because shorter legs increased their chances of survival. • Based on what you know about the experimental islands and the lizards

that were placed on these islands, explain how and why the average leg length of the population might change over time. Include the concept of natural selection in your discussion.- I believe that the average leg length of the population will shrink because of the environment/ecological niches of the experimental island. Because the advantage of longer legs has been lost, some of the anoles will evolve with shorter legs, and some will not. The ones with shorter legs will survive better and the ones with longer legs will survive worse/die off. • If the population from one of the experimental islands was reintroduced on the original island, do you predict that lizards from the two populations would still mate and reproduce? Justify your answer with scientific arguments.- I believe that the lizards from the two populations, both short legged and long legged will still mate and reproduce. First of all, the lizards are still of the same species. Secondly, the lizards would mate and reproduce because it will increase their species chances of survival. In general, any chance of increasing survival rates will be taken in any natural circumstance. Module 4: Dewlap Colors • Anolis cristatellus and A. cooki are both trunk- ‐ ground anoles that live on Puerto Rico. A. cristatellus lives in a shady, forest environment, while A. cooki lives in an open, sunny environment. What is an adaptive explanation for

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why the dewlap of one species evolved to be brighter and that of another species darker?- The anolis cristatellus has a brighter dewlap and the anolis cristatellus has a darker dewlap. Their dewlap contrasts the brightness of their environment, most likely because it stands out more and attracts more female anoles. • From the bar graph generated in the virtual lab (see below), how do the dewlap colors of the two species compare? Use specific evidence from the graph to support your answer.- The anolis cristatellus has a brighter dewlap by +2.3 and the anolis cooki has a darker dewlap by -2.3. Figure 3. Mean dewlap color for two species of anole lizards. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. • How would you determine whether the difference between the two populations is statistically significant?- The anolis cristatellus has a brighter dewlap by +2.3 and the anolis cooki has a darker dewlap by -2.3.

• If a species of anoles with dark dewlaps colonized a heavily forested island, predict what would happen over time to the color of the dewlap. Using your knowledge of natural selection and genetics, explain your prediction.- Over time, the color of the anoles' dewlaps would brighten because of their adaption to the environment. This adaptation would allow more reproduction which would increase survival rates/chances. Extension Questions To minimize interspecific competition, organisms often divide the limited available resources in an area, a concept called “resource partitioning.” As an example of this concept, the figure below illustrates how different species of warblers utilize different portions of an individual tree. Figure 4. Different species of North

American warblers live in different parts of the same trees. The shaded areas indicate the habitats each warbler species occupies. • Explain how the different species of anoles on an island demonstrate “resource partitioning” similar to the warblers in the figure.- Different species of anoles on an island would demonstrate "resource patitioning" by seperating to different geological niches on the island. For example, anoles with short legs would move to where there are slim twigs and anoles with long legs would either live high up in trees or on the ground. In addition, anoles with brighter dewlaps would be in darker areas and anoles with darker dewlaps would be in brighter areas. • Explain how resource partitioning can promote long- term ‐ coexistence of competing species, thus increasing biodiversity.- Resource partitioning can promote long-term coexistence of competing species because it allows different competing species to live in an area that suits their own survival needs. Two species do not have to compete for the same space if they have different traits because if they separate, then they have a better chance of survival. This increases biodiversity because as long as there is varying habitats and geological niches, then species can live separate from each other and have diversity. Contrary, if there was only one type of habitat possible of living in, then the species would have to compete for that land and the most fit would win. This would then mean that only one species would survive in that habitat.

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