Osteology II - Appendicular STUDENT_updated June 2023(2)

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Anthropology

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Dec 6, 2023

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YOUR NAME: LAB SECTION: Human Osteology II – Appendicular Skeleton Objectives: After the lab, you should be able to: ● Identify the major bones of the human body by name, location, and shape. ● Identify the anatomical planes of the body. ● Correctly orient the body in standard anatomical position. ● Describe the types of motion that occur at joints between bones. ● To become familiar with the methods biological and forensic anthropologists use to identify an individual's height and age by looking at skeletal remains. Station 1. The Upper Limb Identify the following elements of the upper limb and hand: clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Use the articulated skeleton for reference. 1. With which bone does the humerus articulate at the shoulder? 2. With which two bones of the shoulder girdle does the scapula articulate? 3. With which bones does the humerus articulate at the elbow? 4. In standard anatomical position, are the radius and ulna positioned proximal or distal to the humerus? 5. In standard anatomical position, is the radius positioned lateral or medial to the ulna? 6. With which group of bones do the ulna and radius articulate in the wrist? 7. What is the correct osteological name of the bones in the palm of the hand? 1

8. What is the correct osteological name of the bones of the fingers? Station 2. The Lower Limb Identify the following elements of the lower limb: os coxa (which is made up of three separate bones that fuse together, the ilium, pubis, and ischium), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges). For each element, determine its correct anatomical position. Use the articulated skeleton for reference. 1. With which bone of the os coxa does the sacrum articulate? 2. The femur articulates with which bone at its proximal end? 3. The rounded ball at the proximal end of the femur is called what? 4. The femur articulates with which TWO bones on its distal end? 5. In standard anatomical position, does the patella lie anterior or posterior to the femur? 6. In standard anatomical position, does the tibia lie lateral or medial to the fibula? 7. The tibia and fibula articulate with which group of bones in the ankle? 8. Which bones make up the toes? 9. What bones lie between the phalanges and the tarsals? 2

Station 3. Height Estimation The approximate height, or stature, of a skeleton is most commonly determined by examining the long bones of that individual (femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, and radius). If a complete set of these bones is available, the accuracy in height determination is improved. The femur is the longest bone in the body and is an excellent skeletal indicator of height. Use the osteometric board at this station to measure the length of the femur. Record your measurement here: centimeters *hint- make sure you are measuring in centimeters not millimeters Now that you have obtained your measurement you will multiply it by 2.32 and add 65.53 (see formula below). 2.32 * ( ) + 65.53 = centimeters You will then calculate a range by adding and subtracting 3.94 cm to your answer above. + 3.94 cm = centimeters (Upper end of height range) - 3.94 cm = centimeters (Lower end of height range) Now convert your range to inches. Divide the upper and lower values each by 2.54. Lower: / 2.54 = Inches Upper: /2.54 = inches Approximately how tall was this individual? Report your findings in feet and inches as a range. ft inches ~to~ ft inches 3

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Station 4. Age Estimation The best bone to use in determining a person's age at the time of death is the pelvis. Many changes can be observed on the face of the pubic symphysis (where the left and right pubic bones articulate) and the auricular surface of the ilium (where the ilium articulates with the sacrum) over time that are good indicators of a person's age. However, these changes are best viewed on a natural skeleton rather than on a plastic one. For this lab you will look at another indicator of age known as epiphyseal union. At birth, humans have more than separate 300 bones. These bones eventually fuse together to form 206 adult bones. During the course of development, the articular end of the bone, or epiphysis , is separated from the shaft of the bone, or diaphysis , by a layer of cartilage or what is commonly referred to as the growth plate. This cartilaginous layer remains throughout the bone's development and forms a very distinct line in the bone. This line becomes increasingly faint until the bone becomes completely ossified (fused together) and the line is obliterated. Fusion of epiphyses across the body occurs at known age ranges. Last week you learned that an adult permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth. Forensic anthropologists also use dental eruption to determine age of juvenile remains. The supplementary tooth eruption chart and dental development model illustrate human tooth development and can be used to estimate the approximate age of the skulls in this station. 1) At the station there is an adult skull, a 2-year-old skull, a fetal skull and a skull of unknown age. Based on size, suture closure, and dental eruption, what is the approximate age of the unknown skull when compared to the other specimens? (explain your reasoning) 2) Femur A is from an unknown individual. Using the femur development images at this station, approximately how old was this individual? (Give an estimated age range.) 3) Compare femur A and femur B. Are the bones from the same individual? Are the femora from an adult or juvenile? 4

Osteology II - Appendicular STUDENT_updated June 2023(2)

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