LAB 3 UPDATED 23'

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ANTH 102 LAB 3 Lab 3: Stone Tools of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic List of Digital Components for this Lab (all are posted in the Lab 3 folder in Blackboard)  Lab 3 Digital Lab Packet ( this document )  Lab 3 Introduction Video  Activity 2 Photos: Recognizing Diagnostic Artifacts  Lab 3 Online Quiz  Supplemental Files (alternate formats, transcripts, etc.) General Instructions Step 1. Carefully read through the Lab 3 Digital Lab Packet ( this document ) before doing anything else. You should then watch the Lab 3 Introduction Video . ** For this particular lab, you may want to complete Activity 1 in the lab packet while watching the introduction video.** Minimally, you should read through the lab packet and watch the video before your lab meeting so you may ask any questions at that time. The Lab 3 Introduction Video covers concepts that you must understand before attempting the lab activities in the lab packet. Step 2. Complete Activities 1, 2, 3, and 4 on your own time, as instructed in the lab packet. As you complete the lab activities, you should write down your answers on a printout of the lab packet or (if you cannot print the packet) on a separate piece of paper. You will not turn in this physical copy, but you will use it to enter your answers in the next step. The questions in this packet are numbered sequentially from 1-34 to simplify this process for you. Step 3. To turn in your lab work, you must type your answers for Activities 1, 2, 3, and 4 into the Lab 3 Online Quiz and submit before the deadline. You must submit your work via the online quiz to receive a grade—we cannot accept submissions in other formats. The deadline for turning in Lab 3 is Sunday, September 24, at 11:59 P.M. Chicago time. Work turned in after this deadline will be considered late and will be docked points according to the policy in the course syllabus. Learning Outcomes This lab introduces fundamental concepts that will help students to achieve a number of course and General-Education learning outcomes, including:  Evaluate and critically assess major theories of social change and social, economic and technological evolution.  Use and understand scientific method to analyze ideas and obtain knowledge.  Understand the implication and meaning of technological innovation and scientific discovery for the development of human society.

ANTH 102 LAB 3 Key Terms Diagnostic Artifacts  Diagnostic artifact – objects that are characteristic of a particular time period.  Oldowan chopper – a fist-sized stone cobble with 1-3 large flakes removed from one end to produce an informal chopping edge. Oldowan choppers do not really have a standard shape. (A diagnostic artifact of the Basal Paleolithic)  Acheulean handaxe – a fist-sized, flattish stone tool that has been extensively flaked on both faces to produce a cutting/chopping tool. Acheulean handaxes are roughly teardrop- or almond-shaped, and generally have one rounded end and one pointy end. (A diagnostic artifact of the Lower Paleolithic.)  Levallois flake – a large, roughly oval stone flake, exhibiting multiple, generally parallel flake scars on the dorsal surface, but few or no flake scars on the ventral surface. A Levallois flake can be used as-is or further modified into a variety of tools. (A diagnostic artifact of the Middle Paleolithic.)  Levallois point – a large, roughly triangular stone flake exhibiting minimal retouch, made to be used as an early form of spear point. (A diagnostic artifact of the Middle Paleolithic.)  Blade – an elongated lithic flake with parallel sides to maximize cutting edge. Blades are long, narrow flakes—in technical terms, a flake that is more than twice as long as it is wide. (A diagnostic artifact of the Upper Paleolithic.)  Solutrean point – an especially long, thin, finely made stone spear point. Solutrean points are said to be “leaf shaped” and are often pointed at both ends. (A diagnostic artifact of the Upper Paleolithic.)  Artwork – for this lab, “artwork” means any pictorial representation of an animal or person. Upper Paleolithic artwork includes three-dimensional figurines and two- dimensional carvings and paintings. (A diagnostic artifact of the Upper Paleolithic.)  Microlithic arrow head – a very small, triangular stone point used as an arrow head. (A diagnostic artifact of the Mesolithic.)  Bone harpoon – an elongated projectile point made of carved animal bone with multiple barbs or hooks along its length. It would have originally had a line attached to it. A harpoon is designed to pierce and snag fish and marine mammals so they can be hauled in. (A diagnostic artifact of the Mesolithic.)

ANTH 102 LAB 3  Bone fish hook – a tiny, U-shaped bone tool with a point at one end. It would have originally had a line connected to the other end. A bone fish hook is designed to pierce and hook a fish’s jaw so it can be reeled in. (A diagnostic artifact of the Mesolithic.)  Millingstones – milling stones are normally used in pairs to grind grain into flour. The toolkit includes a smaller hand stone and a larger bottom stone. Milling stones are typically made of an abrasive stone, such as sandstone. (A diagnostic artifact of the Neolithic.)  Polished stone axe head – a heavy-duty chopping tool made of hard stone that has been shaped through grinding and polishing. It will have a generally smooth surface. Normally, there is a large, prominent groove around the axe head to allow it to be connected to a wooden handle. (A diagnostic artifact of the Neolithic.)  Pottery – pottery includes ceramic containers made of fired clay, such as serving bowls, cooking vessels, and storage jars. Pottery may have decorations on its exterior, including incised geometric designs and textures. Remember, pottery is fragile and often does not survive intact—what the archaeologist typically finds are broken fragments, or potsherds, not the whole pot. (A diagnostic artifact of the Neolithic.) Subsistence Strategies  Subsistence strategy – how people obtained food from their environment, and what they ate.  Scavenging – collecting meat from already-dead animal carcasses killed by predators.  Hunting – stalking and killing wild animals for meat and other resources.  Broad-spectrum foraging – utilizing a diverse assortment of wild animals and wild plants as food.  Farming and herding – cultivated domestic plants and animals for food and other resources. Lab Overview Human technology began over 3 million years ago with the earliest stone tools and has continued, ever-changing, right up to the smart phones and tablets of today. In this lab you will examine the earliest periods of technological development, including the Basal Paleolithic, Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. This represents the span of time from the earliest stone tools through the beginnings of farming. You will examine how the toolkits of our early human ancestors developed in tandem with changes in tool-making ability, diet and subsistence practices, and cognitive and symbolic capacities—all against the backdrop of changing global environments. In the process, you will also learn how archaeologists identify and interpret tools from different time periods. The Lab 3 Introduction Video goes over these concepts in detail. The video provides the foundational information you will need to complete the lab activities below.

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ANTH 102 LAB 3 Activity 1: Introducing the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Periods Task: Begin by watching the Lab 3 Introduction Video (24 min), which has been posted to Blackboard. As you watch the video, answer the multiple-choice questions below. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given, A-E, based on information in the video. The questions appear below in approximately the same order as the information appears in the video. 1. Where do the oldest known stone tools come from? A. South America B. Asia C. Africa D. Europe E. Australia 2. Oldowan tools were… A. generalized tools used for a variety of purposes B. highly specialized tools designed for farming in Olduvai Gorge C. invented and used by Neanderthals D. made of a wide range of materials, include bone, antler, ivory, and fired clay (ceramic) E. designed primarily for hand-to-hand combat 3. Acheulean handaxes of the Lower Paleolithic represent… A. the first tools made by our own species, Homo sapiens B. greater control over fracture mechanics of stone compared to the Basal Paleolithic C. the earliest known stone tools D. general decline in tool-making skills compared to the Basal Paleolithic E. a shift toward a plant-based diet 4. During the Lower Paleolithic, by roughly 800,000-500,000 years ago, we see the earliest evidence for… A. farming and herding B. stone tool use C. metallurgy D. art and symbolism E. controlled use of fire, and hunting 5. The term Levallois refers to… A. a Middle Paleolithic device for launching spears B. the name of the earliest known pottery C. a technique for producing stone tools associated with the Middle Paleolithic D. a type of animal hunted by Neanderthals E. the name of the site in France where the earliest Neanderthal burials were found

ANTH 102 LAB 3 6. Which of the following best describes Neanderthals of the Middle Paleolithic? A. early hominins who never used stone to make tools B. hunters who focused exclusively on small game C. the first hominin species to develop writing and metallurgy D. big-game hunters who were often injured while hunting E. strict vegetarians who grew all of their own food in community gardens 7. Upper Paleolithic peoples made tools from which of the following: A. bronze, iron, and steel B. stone, as well as bone, antler, and ivory C. stone only D. fired clay and copper E. wood only 8. Something unique about the Upper Paleolithic that distinguishes it from earlier periods is: A. the first Acheulean handaxes B. the earliest evidence for hunting C. the first use of stone for making tools D. the earliest evidence for scavenging E. the virtual explosion in representational artwork 9. Mesolithic tools can be described as: A. mostly generalized B. extremely heavy C. poorly designed D. largely symbolic E. highly specialized 10. Bone harpoons indicate Mesolithic peoples were sometimes utilizing which animals for food: A. large game animals B. leopards and other large carnivores C. birds and small game animals D. fish and marine mammals E. rabbits and rodents 11. In which period would you expect to find farmers and herders? A. Neolithic B. Basal Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic C. Middle Paleolithic D. Upper Paleolithic E. Mesolithic 12. What technology did Neolithic peoples use to store and cook dried grain? A. pottery B. metal pots and pans C. basketry D. Neolithic people did not use plant foods E. stone containers

ANTH 102 LAB 3 Activity 2: Recognizing Diagnostic Artifacts Diagnostic artifacts are objects that are characteristic of a particular time period—when we find certain diagnostic artifacts, we know we are dealing with archaeological materials of a particular era. In this activity, you will need to visually identify diagnostic artifacts of the six periods covered in this lab—Basal Paleolithic, Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. The Lab 3 Introduction Video discusses the diagnostic artifacts for each time period, defines each of them (see also Key Terms, above), and shows images of examples. You should refer back to the video for assistance in identifying the diagnostic artifacts in this activity. The video also discusses subsistence strategies for each period, which you will be asked about in this activity as well. Task: You have been given six trays of artifacts (Trays 1-6). Photographs of the artifacts on each tray are found in the Activity 2 Photos: Recognizing Diagnostic Artifacts folder. You will find one overview photograph of each tray, plus additional individual photographs of select artifacts from each tray for closer examination. For each tray, you will be asked which diagnostic artifacts are present; which time period the tray belongs to based on the identified diagnostic artifacts; and what the primary subsistence strategy associated with that time period is. There is only one tray per time period. You can assume all the artifacts on a tray belong to the same time period. A U.S. one-cent coin (penny) has been placed in some of the photographs to help you estimate size of artifacts—this coin is not part of the artifact assemblage! Hint: Examine all the trays before making any final decisions about which tray belongs to which time period. Remember, there is only one tray per time period. TRAY 1: Answer the following three questions based on the artifacts on Tray 1 and information in the Lab 3 Introduction Video. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given. 13. Which diagnostic artifacts are present on this tray? (Note: Choose only one letter, A-F, and make sure all objects listed for that letter are present on the tray.) A. Oldowan chopper B. Acheulean handaxe C. Levallois flake/Levallois point D. Blade/Solutrean point/artwork E. Microlithic arrow head/bone harpoon/bone fish hook F. Millingstones/polished stone axe head/pottery 14. Which time period does this tray belong to, based on the identified diagnostic artifacts? A. Basal Paleolithic B. Lower Paleolithic C. Middle Paleolithic D. Upper Paleolithic E. Mesolithic F. Neolithic 15. What is the primary subsistence strategy associated with this time period? A. Broad-spectrum foraging B. Farming and herding C. Hunting D. Scavenging ______________________________________________________________________________

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ANTH 102 LAB 3 TRAY 2: Answer the following three questions based on the artifacts on Tray 2 and information in the Lab 3 Introduction Video. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given. 16. Which diagnostic artifacts are present on this tray? (Note: Choose only one letter, A-F, and make sure all objects listed for that letter are present on the tray.) A. Oldowan chopper B. Acheulean handaxe C. Levallois flake/Levallois point D. Blade/Solutrean point/artwork E. Microlithic arrow head/bone harpoon/bone fish hook F. Millingstones/polished stone axe head/pottery 17. Which time period does this tray belong to, based on the identified diagnostic artifacts? A. Basal Paleolithic B. Lower Paleolithic C. Middle Paleolithic D. Upper Paleolithic E. Mesolithic F. Neolithic 18. What is the primary subsistence strategy associated with this time period? A. Broad-spectrum foraging B. Farming and herding C. Hunting D. Scavenging ______________________________________________________________________________ TRAY 3: Answer the following three questions based on the artifacts on Tray 3 and information in the Lab 3 Introduction Video. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given. 19. Which diagnostic artifacts are present on this tray? (Note: Choose only one letter, A-F, and make sure all objects listed for that letter are present on the tray.) A. Oldowan chopper B. Acheulean handaxe C. Levallois flake/Levallois point D. Blade/Solutrean point/artwork E. Microlithic arrow head/bone harpoon/bone fish hook F. Millingstones/polished stone axe head/pottery 20. Which time period does this tray belong to, based on the identified diagnostic artifacts? A. Basal Paleolithic B. Lower Paleolithic C. Middle Paleolithic D. Upper Paleolithic E. Mesolithic F. Neolithic 21. What is the primary subsistence strategy associated with this time period? A. Broad-spectrum foraging B. Farming and herding C. Hunting D. Scavenging ______________________________________________________________________________

ANTH 102 LAB 3 TRAY 4: Answer the following three questions based on the artifacts on Tray 4 and information in the Lab 3 Introduction Video. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given. 22. Which diagnostic artifacts are present on this tray? (Note: Choose only one letter, A-F, and make sure all objects listed for that letter are present on the tray.) A. Oldowan chopper B. Acheulean handaxe C. Levallois flake/Levallois point D. Blade/Solutrean point/artwork E. Microlithic arrow head/bone harpoon/bone fish hook F. Millingstones/polished stone axe head/pottery 23. Which time period does this tray belong to, based on the identified diagnostic artifacts? A. Basal Paleolithic B. Lower Paleolithic C. Middle Paleolithic D. Upper Paleolithic E. Mesolithic F. Neolithic 24. What is the primary subsistence strategy associated with this time period? A. Broad-spectrum foraging B. Farming and herding C. Hunting D. Scavenging ______________________________________________________________________________ TRAY 5: Answer the following three questions based on the artifacts on Tray 5 and information in the Lab 3 Introduction Video. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given. 25. Which diagnostic artifacts are present on this tray? (Note: Choose only one letter, A-F, and make sure all objects listed for that letter are present on the tray.) A. Oldowan chopper B. Acheulean handaxe C. Levallois flake/Levallois point D. Blade/Solutrean point/artwork E. Microlithic arrow head/bone harpoon/bone fish hook F. Millingstones/polished stone axe head/pottery 26. Which time period does this tray belong to, based on the identified diagnostic artifacts? A. Basal Paleolithic B. Lower Paleolithic C. Middle Paleolithic D. Upper Paleolithic E. Mesolithic F. Neolithic 27. What is the primary subsistence strategy associated with this time period? A. Broad-spectrum foraging B. Farming and herding C. Hunting D. Scavenging ______________________________________________________________________________

ANTH 102 LAB 3 TRAY 6: Answer the following three questions based on the artifacts on Tray 6 and information in the Lab 3 Introduction Video. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given. 28. Which diagnostic artifacts are present on this tray? (Note: Choose only one letter, A-F, and make sure all objects listed for that letter are present on the tray.) A. Oldowan chopper B. Acheulean handaxe C. Levallois flake/Levallois point D. Blade/Solutrean point/artwork E. Microlithic arrow head/bone harpoon/bone fish hook F. Millingstones/polished stone axe head/pottery 29. Which time period does this tray belong to, based on the identified diagnostic artifacts? A. Basal Paleolithic B. Lower Paleolithic C. Middle Paleolithic D. Upper Paleolithic E. Mesolithic F. Neolithic 30. What is the primary subsistence strategy associated with this time period? A. Broad-spectrum foraging B. Farming and herding C. Hunting D. Scavenging ______________________________________________________________________________

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ANTH 102 LAB 3 Activity 3: Changes Through Time in Technology Task: Answer the following three questions based on information in the Lab 3 Introduction Video (and feel free to include any direct observations you made on artifacts in Activity 2, above). Please answer in complete sentences. Use your own words—do not just copy wording from the Introduction Video verbatim. 31. How did tools change from the Basal Paleolithic to the Lower Paleolithic? What does this indicate about changes in overall lifestyle and reliance on technology from the Basal Paleolithic to the Lower Paleolithic? Give specific examples. (Answer in 3-4 sentences total, and remember to support your answer with evidence.) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 32. How did tools and other artifacts change from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic? What does this indicate about changes in technological capabilities and cognitive functions from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic? Give specific examples. (Answer in 3-4 sentences total, and remember to support your answer with evidence.) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 33. How did tools change from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic? How does this change in tools reflect changes in subsistence strategies from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic? Give specific examples. (Answer in 3-4 sentences total, and remember to support your answer with evidence.) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

ANTH 102 LAB 3 Activity 4: Archaeology Survival! Task: Imagine you have been selected as a contestant on a new game show called Archaeology Survival! You will be dropped off in the middle of an unspecified wilderness area somewhere in North America. To win the grand prize of $1 million, all you have to do is survive for two weeks. Before you leave on this adventure, you get to choose 5 tools to bring with you to help you survive. The catch: You must choose your 5 tools from the trays of artifacts presented in Activity 2, above. Choose wisely! 34. Which 5 specific tools from which trays you would bring with you, and why: Explain how these tools would help you survive in the unknown environment you will be dropped into. (Answer in 4-5 sentences total, and remember to support your answer with evidence. Please answer in complete sentences.) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

LAB 3 UPDATED 23'

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