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Anthropology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Week 8 Homework Answer the following questions: Note: You should expect that merely average/correct work will receive a passing (average) grade. If you wish to receive an outstanding score for a given assignment, it must truly be exceptional. Truly exceptional work demonstrates that the student has a deep and nuanced understanding of the course materials, can synthesizes diverse information, and can make advanced connections. Use all assigned course materials for the week to answer these questions. 1. What was the purpose of federally-financed Indian boarding schools? Why did Pratt and his federal followers think it was the best way to “civilize” Indian children? - These boarding schools were meant to destroy the cultures, languages, and spirituality. This was assimilating Indians to white culture. The Indians had to accept the English language and Christianity. At the time, Settlers believed Americans should share the same customs and cultures this would including the Indians. The Indians weren’t fully accepted due to underlying preconceptions. These boarding schools were determined to be the best way to civilize Indian children by being given the same opportunities, such as education. 2. What is assimilation? How does this concept apply to Indian Boarding Schools? - Assimilation is absorbing a culture of a population or making a group similar. The boarding schools were designated to assimilate Indians into white culture by showing typical traditions and customs. Indians were being forced to participate in speaking English, having an English education, and being involved with Christianity. Over time these concepts were implemented on Native American children. The Indian Boarding Schools focused more on labor skills so that they were prepared for modern society. 3. Discuss the term ethnocentrism and describe how this concept relates to the North American government’s “Indian Problem” and the creation of boarding schools. - Ethnocentrism is the evaluation of different cultures according to preconceptions originating in the customs of that culture. The North American government considered Native Americans to be savages for their beliefs and differences. The creation of boarding schools was meant to assimilate the indigenous children into a more modern white society. They wanted to make solutions by changing their culture and identities. 4. What does the phase “Kill the Indian ... Save the Man” mean? - This phase referred to getting rid of aspects of Indian culture and assimilating to white culture. Colonists would consider a true “man” to adopt the cultures of whites and practice them. 5. Do you think the provision of federal funds to Christians to educate and convert Indian children was a violation of the Constitutional protection of freedom of religion? Why or why not? - I believe that it was a violation of the Constitutional protection of freedom of religion. Since colonists attempted to get rid of Native Americans’ religion by pushing Western beliefs, like Christianity. Native Americans were resistant causing colonists to use force and assimilate the natives.

6. How did native school children resist assimilation tactics at these schools? What were some of the consequences when they resisted? - Native schoolchildren resisted assimilation by running away from school. Many ran miles to return to their families. The children endured beatings for speaking their native language. However, that didn’t stop them from speaking their language in secret. The children that ran were hunted down and brought back. They were punished severely by older Indian children. The older children were forced to beat them with sticks after forming straight lines. 7. Did American governmental policies towards Indians compare to Hitler’s “final solution” in any way? Why or why not? Is the term “holocaust” germane to the discussion of these governmental policies? - American governmental policies for Indians can be compared to Hitler’s “final solution”. Hitler’s goal was the eradication of the Jewish population, Americans wanted to assimilate Indians into Western culture while destroying Indian culture and beliefs. There were a few intentional kills for numerous reasons but not with the intention of wiping out the entire population. Both groups were forced to relocate to new homes, away from the “desired” population. The Indians were relocated to reservations where they received rationed goods. The Jews were relocated to Auschwitz. “Holocaust” is relevant since the governmental policies of Americans were destroying Indian culture and beliefs. 8. How did the boarding school experience give Native peoples a fundamental component of their tribal identity in 20th Century (It would help to revisit pages 45-46 of your text)? How does this element of the past affect the legacy of Native Americans today? - The boarding schools were meant to assimilate Indian children to white culture. All weren’t fully assimilated since they ran back to their families or resisted transformation. Their beliefs were attempted to be replaced with Western culture but were unsuccessful. Regardless of running back to their families, they were viewed as outcasts. Since there was a mix between tribes and languages within the schools, this impacted Native Americans today by blending the tribal customs and language. 9. Many of the Marine Corp’s World War II Navajo Code Talkers attended boarding schools. How did the Pratt/Carlisle Model for Native American boarding schools help these men when they joined the military? How did this same model hinder them? Is the fact that many of these men attended boarding schools ironic in any way? How? - These boarding schools were strict and uniform, similar to the military. This strict style is what they were used to along with discipline that was instilled during childhood. It was ironic that many attended boarding schools since the goal was to eradicate Indian culture from these men. Since Native American children resisted assimilation, they kept their language and assisted in creating a code in World War II.

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