Understanding Social Behaviors: Benefits and Costs of Group Living

Chapter 10: Social Behaviors Living in groups has costs and benefits. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Topic: the life of a fungus farmer Level: easy When leaf cutter ants age and become less efficient at their tasks, they a. are killed. b. change tasks. c. are evicted from the colony. d. are eaten by other colony members. Answer: b 2. Topic: the life of a fungus farmer Level: medium Which of the following is NOT a strategy that leaf cutter ants use to avoid parasitoid flies specialized to hunt large ants? a. Small ants forage during the day, when the flies are active. b. Large ants forage at night, when the flies are inactive. c. Small ants guard larger ants during the day, when the flies are active. d. Small ants perform all foraging tasks for the ant colony. Answer: d 3. Topic: social behaviors Level: easy

Social behavior in animals is a. inherited. b. learned. c. random. d. acquired. Answer: a 4. Topic: living in groups Difficulty: easy Which of the following comes closest to constituting a true social group? a. flies attracted to a dung pat b. cattle attracted to a desert watering hole c. oak seedlings aggregated because they have not dispersed d. goldfinches flocking to feed on seed heads of plants growing in open fields Answer: d 5. Topic: benefits of living in groups Level: easy Animals that live in groups have a reduced individual probability of predation. This is known as a. dilution effect. b. a lek. c. altruism. d. cooperation. Answer: a 6. Topic: benefits of living in groups Level: medium O

Which of the following is NOT a tactic that animals living in groups use to reduce the overall probability of predation? a. group defense used to protect from predators b. many individuals looking out for predators at any given time c. group attack used against predators d. avoidance of predation by scattering Answer: d 7. Topic: benefits of living in groups Level: medium A lek is the location of an aggregation of animals a. to reduce the rate of predation. b. for hunting. c. for feeding. d. for mating displays. Answer: d 8. Topic: benefits of living in groups Level: difficult Researchers found that fish on coral reefs that are fished have fewer parasites than fish on coral reefs that exclude fishing. What explains this observation? a. Fishing eliminated fish with inferior genetics, which were more susceptible to parasites. b. Fish from nonunfished reefs had larger populations that made them subject to more transmission of parasites. c. The nonunfished site had more parasites than the fished site. d. none of the above Answer: b → increases danger ble grp . members are alone c

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9. Topic: benefits of living in groups Level: difficult In the example of the ruff ( Philomachus pugnax ), researchers found that males in leks had more success in a. attracting females. b. copulating with females. c. attracting females and copulating with females. d. none of the above Answer: c 10. Topic: costs of living in groups Level: easy Which of the following is NOT a cost of living in groups? a. decreased likelihood of mating b. increased transmission of pathogens c. increased predation d. increased competition Answer: a 11. Topic: costs of living in groups Level: medium Increased competition for food among individuals living in groups may lead to increased a. movement between habitats in search of food. b. time dedicated to locating food by individuals. c. aggression between group members. d. all of the above Answer: d 12. Topic: costs of living in groups Level: medium - increases likelihood of mating &

Large groups are particularly vulnerable to epidemics because they a. have low numbers of resistant individuals. b. can cause pathogens to mutate and become more dangerous. c. can rapidly become infected by a single individual. d. decrease the likelihood of immunity developing. Answer: c 13. Topic: costs of living in groups Level: difficult Group living _____ individual risk of predation and _____ the predation risk of the group.? a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. decreases; decreases Answer: c 14. Topic: costs of living in groups Level: medium Researchers found that as the flock size of European goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ) increased, the time needed to find new food patches also increased because large populations a. have high per capita food consumption. b. are forced to live in lower-quality habitat. c. have more aggressive individuals. d. face increased competition for food. Answer: d - more visible dilution - effect

15. Topic: territories Level: medium An area defended by one or more individuals against intrusion by others is a. a dominance hierarchy. b. a lek. c. a home range. d. a territory. Answer: d 16. Topic: territories Level: medium Territoriality develops when a. a resource can be defended. b. the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs. c. fitness is increased by having the territory. d. all of the above Answer: d 17. Topic: dominance hierarchies Level: easy Pack animals such as wolves establish an order that dictates social behavior. This is an example of a. territoriality. b. spitefulness. c. a dominance hierarchy. d. a lek. Answer: c 18. Topic: dominance hierarchies Level: medium :

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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a dominance hierarchy? a. organization of conspecifics to reduce intraspecific competition b. quick resolution of conflicts c. group defense of ephemeral resources d. aggregation of individuals to increase probability of mating Answer: d SHORT ANSWER 19. Topic: Living in groups has costs and benefits. Level: Difficult You discover a small reef fish species in the Great Barrier Reef off the Australian coast. You study its ecology and discover that many midsized and large predatory fish consume the new species. Further, you find that this species consumes the same prey as many other species of similar-sized fish. However, many of those other small species tend to live in large schools, whereas individuals of this newly discovered species live alone. Propose a general ultimate hypothesis to explain what ecological conditions could cause a small species to live alone rather in a large school. Answer: Individuals of the newly discovered species do not live in schools because they achieve higher fitness by living alone. Ecological conditions that could cause this behavior include individuals having more success in mating or competition for food when they live alone than when they live in schools. In addition, if predators are so abundant that because of a dilution effect individuals who live in schools are more likely to get eaten than those that live alone, natural selection could favor

solitary living over schooling. 20. Topic: benefits of living in groups Level: medium What is a lek? How is it beneficial? Answer: A lek is the place where an aggregation of animals put on displays to attract mates. Leks are beneficial because they increase the likelihood of males and females finding a mate. 21. Topic: dominance hierarchies Level: medium Why would evolution favor a social structure that relies on dominance hierarchies rather than individual territories? Answer: Dominance hierarchies form when there are too many conspecifics to defend a territory from, when resources are available for only short periods, or when benefits of living in groups outweigh the benefits of defending territories. There are many types of social interactions. MULTIPLE CHOICE 22. Topic: types of social interactions Level: easy Which statement about social interactions is TRUE? a. The recipient is the individual who directs behavior toward another individual, the donor.

b. Donors and recipients direct behaviors toward one another. c. The donor is the individual who directs behavior toward another donor. d. The donor is the individual who directs behavior toward another individual, the recipient. Answer: d 23. Topic: types of social interactions Level: easy A social interaction in which both the donor’s fitness and the recipient’s fitness are increased is called a. cooperation. b. altruism. c. spitefulness. d. selfishness. Answer: a 24. Topic: types of social interactions Level: easy A hummingbird guarding a hummingbird feeder is an example of a. dominance hierarchy. b. altruism. c. territoriality. d. selfishness. Answer: c 25. Topic: types of social interactions Level: difficult Based on fitness effects on donors and recipients, which type of social interaction is expected to occur LEAST often?

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a. altruism b. cooperation c. selfishness d. spitefulness Answer: d 26. Topic: types of social interactions Level: medium In the social interaction of altruism, the donor receives a(n) _____ in fitness and the recipient receives a(n) _____ in fitness. a. decrease; increase b. decrease; decrease c. increase; increase d. increase; decrease Answer: a 27. Topic: types of social interactions Level: difficult Which social interaction is best described as the opposite of altruism in terms of its effect on donor and recipient fitness? a. cooperation b. selfishness c. spitefulness d. dominance Answer: c 28. Topic: types of social interactions Level: difficult In the wattled jacana ( Jacana jacana ), a species of tropical wading bird, all brood care is performed by males. Females 0

protect nests and defend territory. Females sometimes attack and kill chicks cared for by a male. The male then fertilizes the female attacker and cares for the resulting young. This type of social interaction is an example of a. cooperation. b. selfishness. c. spitefulness. d. altruism. Answer: b 29. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium Why is altruistic behavior an evolutionary problem? a. It does not lead to an increase in direct fitness. b. It does not lead to an increase in indirect fitness. c. It does not lead to an increase in fitness. d. It decreases fitness. Answer: b 30. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium What is another term for kin selection? a. indirect selection b. direct selection c. natural selection d. sexual selection Answer: a 31. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium Fitness that an individual gains by passing on copies of its ✓ fern Kills chick SO there are more resources available for herself

genes to its offspring is favored by _____ selection. a. indirect b. direct c. natural d. sexual Answer: b 32. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium Indirect fitness is favored by _____ selection. a. natural b. sexual c. kin d. direct Answer: c 33. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: easy The coefficient of relatedness measures a. the probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor. b. the degree of relatedness between individuals in a population. c. indirect fitness as the benefit given to a recipient relative by the donor individual. d. the direct fitness cost of altruistic behavior to a recipient by the donor. Answer: a 34. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium o

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The evolution of altruistic behavior is most likely to be between a. parent and offspring. b. identical twins. c. cousins. d. half siblings. Answer: b 35. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: difficult Based on the coefficient of relatedness, to which of the following relatives would a donor be most likely to provide altruism? a. parent b. cousin c. half sibling d. full sibling Answer: d 36. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: easy For calculations of the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behavior and kin selection, r is the a. coefficient of relatedness between the donor and recipient. b. benefit given to a recipient relative. c. direct fitness cost to the donor. d. indirect fitness cost to the donor. Answer: a 37. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium " - Share 100^1 . genes 0

Which equation calculates the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behavior and kin selection? a. C × r b. B × r c. B ÷ r d. B + r Answer: b 38. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: difficult The equation C < B × r describes conditions under which a(n) _____ behavior will _____ in the population. a. altruistic; increase b. altruistic; decrease c. selfish; increase d. selfish; decrease Answer: a 39. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium C / B describes the ratio of a. donor benefits to recipient costs. b. donor costs to recipient benefits. c. indirect fitness costs to direct fitness benefits. d. direct fitness costs to indirect fitness benefits. Answer: b 40. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium Altruism is likely to evolve when a. B / C > r. o

b. C / B > r. c. C / B < r. d. C / B = r. Answer: c 41. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: medium Wild turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo ) perform mating displays at leks alone or in coalitions of related males. In the coalitions, only dominant males copulate with females. Why do nondominant males join coalitions? a. A nondominant male obtains greater inclusive fitness by helping a brother mate than by mating on his own. b. A nondominant male obtains greater direct fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. c. A nondominant male obtains less indirect fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. d. A nondominant male may eventually become the dominant male in a coalition. Answer: a SHORT ANSWER 42. Topic: There are many types of social interactions. Level: difficult Why would an individual in a social group of a diploid species help to rear the young of its siblings rather than reproducing itself? Describe the expected relative importance of direct and indirect fitness benefits and explain your answer. Answer: An individual is more likely to help rear the young of its siblings than to reproduce itself if the indirect fitness benefits c

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of helping pass more of the individual’s genes to the next generation outweigh the direct fitness benefits of having its own offspring. This situation could arise if the individual were inferior in quality to the sibling and likely to have fewer reproductive opportunities. Even though the offspring of the fitter sibling would on average carry only 25% of the individual’s genes (as opposed to the 50% of its genes that its own offspring would carry), if the sibling produces far more offspring than the individual could, the individual would receive a greater fitness benefit by helping its sibling to rear as many young as possible. 43. Topic: altruism and kin selection Level: difficult If the direct fitness cost to a donor is 6 and the indirect fitness benefit to the recipient is 30, is altruistic behavior likely to evolve between cousins? Is the altruistic behavior likely to evolve between full siblings? Answer: C/B = 6/30 = 0.2 Since the cost-benefit ratio is greater than the coefficient of relatedness for cousins (0.125), the altruistic behavior is unlikely to evolve between cousins. The cost-benefit ratio is less than the coefficient of relatedness for full siblings (0.5), and the altruistic behavior is unlikely to evolve between full siblings. 44. Topic: calculating inclusive fitness Level: difficult This table shows fitness data for 2 years in a population of

kingfishers. Calculate the total inclusive fitness of the primary helper, secondary helper, and delayer for both years. Which strategy would be favored? Year 1 Year 2 Male role B 1 r 1 B 2 r 2 P sm Primary helper 1.5 0.33 2.3 0.5 0.33 Secondary helper 1.1 0.00 2.3 0.5 0.65 Delayer 0.0 0.00 2.3 0.5 0.15 Answer: Inclusive fitness = indirect fitness + direct fitness Primary helper = (1.5 × 0.33) + (2.3 × 0.5 × 0.33) = 0.87 Secondary helper = (1.1 × 0.00) + (2.3 × 0.5 × 0.65) = 0.75 Delayer = (0.0 × 0.00) + (2.3 × 0.5 × 0.15) = 0.17 As the fitness that primary helpers give to their parents declines to 1.0, their indirect fitness declines to 0.33 and their inclusive fitness declines to 0.87. In this scenario, the primary helper strategy would be the most favored by natural selection because it has the greatest inclusive fitness. Eusocial species take social interactions to the extreme. 45. Topic: eusociality Level: easy Which is NOT a characteristic of a eusocial species? a. reproductive dominance by many individuals b. cooperation in nest building and brood care c. several adults living together in a group d. sterile individuals Answer: a 46. Topic: eusociality

Level: easy Which group does NOT contain a eusocial species? a. corals b. termites c. ants d. mammals Answer: a 47. Topic: eusociality Level: medium Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem process associated with eusocial insects? a. pollination b. consuming detritus c. herbivory d. nutrient cycling Answer: d 48. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: easy Which does NOT have a haplodiploid mating system? a. ants b. bees c. termites d. wasps Answer: c 49. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: medium How many castes do bees have?

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a. four b. three c. two d. five Answer: b 50. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: medium In haplodiploid mating systems, males are a. haploid and fertile. b. haploid and infertile. c. diploid and fertile. d. diploid and infertile. Answer: a 51. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: medium In haplodiploid mating systems, nonqueen females are a. haploid and fertile. b. haploid and infertile. c. diploid and fertile. d. diploid and infertile. Answer: d 52. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: easy The worker caste in bees consists entirely of a. reproductive females in an arrested stage of development. b. reproductive females. c. reproductive males in an arrested stage of development. d. reproductive males.

Answer: a 53. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: medium In hymenoptera, there is a strong asymmetry in the genetic relatedness of siblings. What is the coefficient of relatedness between female workers? a. 1.0 b. 0.5 c. 0.75 d. 0.25 Answer: c 54. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: easy The sex determination system in hymenopterans such as ants, bees, and wasps is a. triplodiploid. b. haplodiploid. c. diplohaploid. d. haplotriploid. Answer: b 55. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: medium In haplodiploid societies a _____ produces female gametes by _____. a. diploid female; mitosis b. haploid female; meiosis c. haploid male; mitosis d. haploid female; mitosis

Answer: c 56. Topic: eusociality in ants, bees and wasps Level: medium In haplodiploid societies, which would be expected to show most cooperation? a. all-male group b. all-female group c. mixed male and female group d. all of these groups would show equal cooperation. Answer: c 57. Topic: eusociality in other species Level: medium What prevents nondominant mole rats from reproducing? a. Nondominant mole rats are born sterile. b. Haplodiploid sex determination means that sibling mole rats are more related to each other than to their parents. c. Harassment by the dominant members prevents nondominant mole rats from breeding. d. Once nondominant mole rats reach sexual maturity, they leave form new colonies. Answer: c 58. Topic: eusociality in other species Level: easy In termite colonies, which of the following does NOT reproduce? a. drone b. soldier c. king :

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d. queen Answer: b 59. Topic: eusociality in other species Level: medium How do termites prevent individuals other than the king and queen from reproducing? a. Individuals are pressured not to reproduce by and king and queen. b. Individuals are prevented from reproducing by the haplodiploid mating system. c. Individuals do not reproduce because they are sterile. d. Individuals do not reproduce because they stay sexually immature unless the queen dies. Answer: a 60. Topic: the origins of eusociality Level: medium Eusociality exists a. in a few species. b. in a few lineages. c. in many species. d. because of a single mutation. Answer: c SHORT ANSWER 61. Topic: origins of eusociality Level: medium What evidence do we have that eusociality appeared to evolve independently, many times? :

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Answer: Because eusociality appears in haplodiploid hymenopterans, haploid termites, and mole rats, it seems unlikely that one evolutionary event can explain all eusociality. Also insects and mammals are phylogenetically distant lineages. 62. Topic: henpecked chickens Level: medium The term, henpecked in chickens refers to chickens pecking at injured spots on other chickens, exacerbating the original injury. How did researchers overcome the problem of henpecked chickens? Answer: Researchers started grouping chickens by the best performing (in terms of egg production) groups rather than the best individual performers. Eventually, hen mortality declined because the hens fought less, and egg production increased dramatically.

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Ch. 10

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