Multiple choice corrections

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Anthropology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Chase Vacnin April 26th, 2023 Anthro Lab Midterm Corrections (Multiple choice) Question 13) The human foot has an arch that acts as a spring to absorb shock and energy during walking and running. This adaptation is unique to humans and allows for e±cient bipedal movement. The other options are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the features of the human foot. Question 17) The correct answer is "small number of specialized teeth." This statement is incorrect because primates are characterized by having a dental formula of 2.1.3.3, which means they have a total of 32 teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. This dental formula is unique to primates and distinguishes them from other mammals. The statement "nails instead of claws" is correct because primates have ²attened nails on their digits instead of curved claws. The statement "grasping thumb and big toe" is also correct because primates have opposable thumbs and big toes, which allow them to grasp and manipulate objects. Finally, the statement "eyes on the front of the face" is also correct because primates have forward-facing eyes that provide depth perception and improved visual acuity. Question 18) The correct answer is prehensile tails. Platyrrhine monkeys are New World monkeys found in Central and South America, while catarrhine monkeys are Old World monkeys found in Asia and Africa. Platyrrhines have a prehensile tail, which is a tail that can grasp or hold objects, and is not found in catarrhines. Three premolars and ²at noses with forward-facing nostrils are also characteristics that di³erentiate platyrrhine from catarrhine monkeys, but they are not found in all platyrrhines.

Chase Vacnin April 26th, 2023 Anthro Lab Midterm Corrections (Multiple choice) Therefore, the option "all of these traits are found in some or all platyrrhines, but not in catarrhine monkeys" is incorrect. Question 19) The correct answer is "arboreal quadrupedalism." Apes are mostly arboreal and adapted for life in trees, and their bodies are well-suited for moving through the branches. Arboreal quadrupedalism refers to the movement of apes on four limbs while they traverse through tree branches, which allows them to move between trees in search of food and safety from predators. While apes can also exhibit other forms of locomotion, such as brachiation, they are primarily adapted for moving in trees. The other answer options are incorrect. "Vertical clinging and leaping" is a form of locomotion used by some primates, but it is not a characteristic that de´nes apes. "Suspensory forms of locomotion" is seen in some primates, but is more characteristic of New World monkeys than apes. "Terrestrial quadrupedalism" is a form of movement seen in some primates, but is not the primary adaptation of apes. Question 27) The correct answer is "larger braincase than other primate taxa." This is because hominoidea apes have a larger brain size relative to their body size compared to other primate taxa. The other options are incorrect because they are not characteristics of all hominoidea apes. While some hominoidea apes may have large brow ridges and longer projecting canines, these are not universal traits found in all hominoidea apes.

Chase Vacnin April 26th, 2023 Anthro Lab Midterm Corrections (Multiple choice) Question 28) The correct answer is "unfused metopic suture, visible in adulthood". This trait is seen in the Strepsirrhine skull, which includes lemurs and lorises, and is characterized by the unfused metopic suture, which is a ´brous joint that runs along the midline of the skull. This suture usually fuses in most primates during infancy, but it remains unfused in Strepsirrhines, making it visible in adulthood. The other options are incorrect as they are traits found in other primate groups. A post-orbital septum is found in some monkeys and apes but not in Strepsirrhines. A fused mandibular symphysis is found in anthropoids (monkeys and apes) but not in Strepsirrhines. Bilophodont molars, which have four cusps arranged in two parallel ridges, are found in Old World monkeys but not in Strepsirrhines. Question 30 The correct answer is "ear drum at the end of a bony tube." This is a trait unique to the catarrhine monkeys and apes, as it allows for greater sensitivity to high-frequency sounds. Bilophodont molars are actually a trait of Old World monkeys, which includes the catarrhine monkeys, but also some extinct groups. Long narrow muzzle is a trait of the strepsirrhine primates, which are more distantly related to the catarrhine monkeys. Therefore, the correct answer is "ear drum at the end of a bony tube," which is a unique and de´ning trait of the catarrhine monkeys and apes. Question 32) The correct answer is "2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 dental formula." This dental formula is found in hominoids, which include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. The dental formula refers to the number of each type of tooth in the upper and lower jaw, with 2 incisors, 1

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Chase Vacnin April 26th, 2023 Anthro Lab Midterm Corrections (Multiple choice) canine, 3 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the jaw. This dental formula is di³erent from that of other primates, including Old World monkeys, which have a dental formula of 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3. The other options are incorrect because they do not apply to all hominoids. The incomplete orbital septum is found in strepsirrhine primates, while the wider and shorter jaw/nose is a characteristic of some monkeys, not hominoids. Bilophodont molars are also found in some monkeys, but not hominoids. Question 33) The correct answer is "eye protected by only a post orbital bar." Platyrrhine skulls have a post-orbital bar instead of a complete post-orbital closure found in catarrhine skulls, which protects the eye. The dental formula of 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 is a characteristic of platyrrhine skulls, as is the fact that the frontal bone does not touch the parietal bone, which is the opposite of catarrhine skulls. Bilophodont molars are found in some primates, but not speci´cally as a de´ning characteristic of platyrrhine skulls. Question 34) The correct answer is "post-orbital septum". Strepsirrhine primates, such as lemurs and lorises, have a post-orbital bar or septum that separates the eye socket from the temporal fossa. This feature is absent in haplorhine primates, which include tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. The other options are incorrect because:

Chase Vacnin April 26th, 2023 Anthro Lab Midterm Corrections (Multiple choice) ● Fused mandibular symphasis: This is a characteristic of all anthropoid primates, including monkeys, apes, and humans, but not of strepsirrhines. ● Dental comb: This is a unique dental structure found in some strepsirrhines, such as lemurs and lorises, but not in all strepsirrhines and not in any haplorhine primates. ● Short wide muzzle: This is not a characteristic that distinguishes strepsirrhines from haplorhines. Question 38) The correct answer is "narrow thorax or chest". Terrestrial quadrupedalism refers to a mode of locomotion where an animal moves on all four limbs on the ground rather than in the trees. The other options, longer ´ngers and toes, legs much longer than arms, and arms much longer than legs, are adaptations for other types of locomotion such as arboreal quadrupedalism or brachiation (swinging through trees), and are not characteristic of terrestrial quadrupeds. A narrow thorax or chest, however, is a key adaptation for e±cient movement on the ground, as it allows for the legs to move closer together and beneath the body, providing stability and balance during locomotion. Question 40) The correct answer is "scapula on the back of the body". This is because knuckle-walking primates have a specialized shoulder anatomy where the scapula is situated on the back of the ribcage, rather than on the side like in other primates. This adaptation allows the forelimbs to be positioned in a way that supports the weight of the animal during knuckle-walking. The other options are incorrect because: ● "upright, more vertical posture" is associated with bipedalism, not knuckle-walking.

Chase Vacnin April 26th, 2023 Anthro Lab Midterm Corrections (Multiple choice) ● "only seen in hominoidea (great apes)" is also incorrect because some non-hominoid primates, such as the gelada baboon, use a form of knuckle-walking. ● "all of these are characteristics of knuckle-walking primates" is incorrect because not all knuckle-walking primates have an upright posture or are restricted to hominoids. Question 41) The correct answer is "longer arms and legs, so body is higher above the walking surface". Terrestrial quadrupeds are adapted for walking on the ground, and their limbs are designed to support the weight of their body while moving on a horizontal surface. Longer limbs allow the body to be lifted higher o³ the ground, which can be an advantage for avoiding obstacles and predators. The other options are incorrect because knuckle-walking is not a characteristic of terrestrial quadrupeds, scapula on the back of the body is a characteristic of arboreal quadrupeds, and longer ´ngers and toes are traits of animals adapted for climbing or grasping. Question 46) The correct answer is "brachiator", which refers to a primate that primarily moves through the trees using arm-over-arm swinging, also known as brachiation. An intermembral index is a ratio of the length of the upper arm bone (humerus) to the length of the lower leg bone (tibia) and is used to determine the degree to which a primate's limbs are adapted for arboreal (tree-living) or terrestrial (ground-living) locomotion. A primate with an intermembral index of about 70 has relatively long arms and shorter legs, which is characteristic of brachiators. Bipedal walkers have an intermembral index of less than 70, as they have longer legs and a shorter upper body. Knuckle-walkers, such as chimpanzees, have an intermembral index of around 100 and a

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Chase Vacnin April 26th, 2023 Anthro Lab Midterm Corrections (Multiple choice) distinctive way of walking on their knuckles. Terrestrial quadrupeds have an intermembral index of around 100 or more, with limbs that are adapted for running and walking on the ground. Question 50 The right answer is skin color because skin color is a visible example of a clinal distribution, meaning that it changes gradually and continuously over a geographic area rather than abruptly. Skin color is an adaptive trait that varies among populations due to di³erences in UV radiation exposure, which a³ects vitamin D synthesis and folate destruction. The other options, lactose tolerance, sickle cell anemia, and ´nger print type, are not clinal distributions but rather discrete traits that are not continuously distributed over geographic areas.

Multiple choice corrections

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