Assignment # 5 Ruby Tovar
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Southern New Hampshire University *
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Course
1400
Subject
Anthropology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
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3
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Assignment
5
Chapter
11:
Introduction
to
Evolution
1.
What
is
the
name
of
the
other
naturalist
that
proposed
a
similar
theory
to
Darwin?
(1
point)
Alfred
Russel
is
the
other
naturalist
that
proposed
a
similar
theory
is
Alfred
Russell.
2.
What
is
the
name
of
the
text
that
Darwin
published
his
ideas
for
evolution?
(1
point)
Charles
Darwin
published
his
ideas
on
evolution
in
the
booked
titled
"On
the
Origin
of
Species
by
Means
of
Natural
Selection,
or
the
Preservation
of
Favoured
Races
n
the
Struggle
for
Life."
3.
The
static
model,
separate
types,
transformation,
and
common
descent
are
all
theories
that
attempt
to
explain
the
diversity
of
life
on
earth.
Explain
each
of
these.
Which
of
these
have
evolutionary
biologists
discredited?
Explain
why
they
were
discredited.
If
you
need
to
use
an
image
to
help
paste
it
after
the
text
box.(8
points)
The
statistics
model
posits
that
species
do
not
change
over time
and
have
remained
unchanged
since
there
creation.
It
suggests
that
there
diversity
of
life
we
see
today
is
a
result
of
separate,
divinely
created
species.
The
static
model
has
been
largely
discredited
by
the
overwhelming
body
of
evidence
supporting
the
theory
of
evolution
by
natural
selection.
Fossil
records,
comparative
anatomy,
molecular
biology,
and
other
scientific
disciplines
have
provided
extensive
evidence
of
species
changing
over
time
and
sharing
common
ancestry.
4.
The
book
and
lecture
explain
Linnaean
classification
of
species.
Using
the
information
given
in
the
book
and
powerpoint
slides
as
a
template,
research
the
Linnaean
classification
of
giant
pandas.
You
will
need
to
do
some
online
research
to
find
this
information.
You
can
use
a
number
of
sources
but
recommend
http://animaldiversity.org/
(5
points)
Fill
in
the
following
info
on
giant
pandas:
a.
Species
-
Ailuropoda
melanoleuca
b.
Genus
-
Ailuropoda
c.
Family
-
Ursidae
d.
Order
-
Carnivora
e.
Class
-
Mammalia
f.
Phylum
-
Chordata
g.
Kingdom
-
Animalia
h.
At
what
taxonomic
level
are
black
bears
related
to
giant
pandas?
Black
bears
(Ursus
americanus)
are
related
to
giant
pandas
(Ailuropoda
melanoleuca)
at
the
Family
level.
Both
belong
to
the
family
Ursidae.
i.
At
what
taxonomic
level
are
humans
related
to
giant
pandas?
Humans
(Homo
sapiens)
are
related
to
giant
pandas
(Ailuropoda
melanoleuca)
at
the
Class
level.
Both
belong
to
the
class
Mammalia.
j.
At
what
taxonomic
level
are
collared
lizards
related
to
giant
pandas?
Collared
lizards
(Crotaphytus
spp.)
are
related
to
giant
pandas
(Ailuropoda
melanoleuca)
at
a
higher
taxonomic
level,
which
is
the
Class
Mammalia.
Both
belong
to
the
class
Mammalia.
5.
A
dewclaw
in
a
dog
(which
they
have
and
has
no
function)
is
an
example
of
what
kind
of
trait?
(1
point)
A
declaw
in
a
dog,
which
has
no
function
and
is
vestigal,
is
an
example
of
a
vestigal
trait.
Chapter
12:
Natural
Selection
6.
What
are
the
4
general
observation
of
natural
selection?
(4
points)
1.
Variation:
Within
any
population,
individuals
exhibit
variations
in
their
traits
or
characteristics.
These
variations
can
be
physical,
behavioral,
or
genetic
in
nature.
2.
Heredity:
Many
of
the
traits
or
variations
in
individuals
are
heritable,
meaning
they
can
be
passed
down
from
one
generation
to
the
next
through
genetic
inheritance.
3.
Overproduction:
Populations
tend
to
produce
more
offspring than
the
environment
can
support
in
terms
of
resources
and
opportunities
for
survival
and
reproduction.
This
results
in
competition
among
individuals
for
limited
resources.
4.
Differential
Survival
and
Reproduction:
Due
to
variations
in
traits
and
the
struggle
for
survival,
some
individuals
are
better
adapted
to
their
environment
and
have
a
higher
likelihood
of
surviving
and
reproducing.
These
individuals
pass
on
their
advantageous
traits
to
the
next
generation,
leading
to
a
change
in
the
frequency
of
traits
within
the
population
over
time.
These
four
observations,
often
summarized
as
"variation,
heredity,
overproduction,
and
differential
survival
and
reproduction,"
provide
the
foundation
for
the
theory
of
natural
selection,
which
explains
how
the
frequency
of
specific
traits
in
a
population
changes
over
generations
in
response
to
environmental
pressures.
What
are
the
three
misunderstanding
about
natural
selection?
(3
points)
It's
important
to
recognize
and
understand
these
common
misconceptions
to
have
a
more
accurate
understanding
of
the
theory
of
natural
selection
and
the
process
of
evolution.
1.
The
purpose
or
intent
2.
Linear
Progression
3.
Individual
adaptation
Explain
directional,
stabilizing
and
diversifying
selection.
Provide
an
example
of
each
one.
You
can
use
graphs
and
images
to
help
describe
your
answer.
(7
points)
Explanation:
Directional
selection
is
a
type
of
natural
selection
where
individuals
with
an
extreme
phenotype
(trait)
are
favored,
leading
to
a
shift
in
the
population's
characteristics
over
time.
In
this
process,
the
frequency
of
one
extreme
phenotype
increases
while
the
frequency
of
the
other
extreme
decreases.
Example:
The
classic
example
of
directional
selection
is
the
evolution
of
peppered
moths
in
England
during
the
Industrial
Revolution.
Before
industrialization,
most
peppered
moths
had
light-colored
wings,
which
helped
them
blend
in
with
the
light-colored
tree
trunks.
However,
as
pollution
darkened
tree
trunks,
the
darker
morph
of
the
peppered
moth
became
advantageous
because
it
was
better
camouflaged
against
the
new
background.
Over
time,
the
population
shifted
towards
the
darker
phenotype
due
to
directional
selection.
Stabilizing
Selection:
Explanation:
Stabilizing
selection
is
a
type
of
natural
selection
where
the
intermediate
or
average
phenotype
is
favored,
while
extreme
phenotypes
are
selected
against.
This
results
in
a
reduction
of
variation
in
the
population,
and
the
trait
tends
to
remain
stable
over
time.
Example:
Human
birth
weight
is
an
example
of
stabilizing
selection.
Babies
born
with
very
low
birth
weight
may
face
health
risks,
while
babies
with
extremely
high
birth
weights
can
also
face
complications.
As
a
result,
the
average
birth
weight
is
favored,
and
most
human
babies
are
born
within
a
relatively
narrow
range
of
weights.
Diversifying
(Disruptive)
Selection:
Explanation:
Diversifying
(disruptive)
selection
is
a
type
of
natural
selection
where
individuals
with
extreme
phenotypes
at
both
ends
of
the
spectrum
are
favored,
while
those
with
intermediate
phenotypes
are
at
a
disadvantage.
This
leads
to
a
bimodal
distribution
of
phenotypes
in
a
population.
Example:
The
evolution
of
beak
size
in
the
African
seed-cracking
finch
(Geospiza)
is
an
example
of
diversifying
selection.
In
this
case,
birds
with
very
small
beaks
and
birds
with very
large
beaks
are
favored
because
they
can
efficiently
crack
different
types
of
seeds.
Birds
with
intermediate
beak
sizes
are
less
successful
in
this
context,
resulting
in
diversifying
selection
and
the
coexistence
of
birds
with
extreme
beak
sizes.
These
three types
of
selection
illustrate
how
natural
selection
can
influence
the
distribution
of
traits
within
a
population,
leading
to
different
patterns
of
evolution
based
on
the
environmental
pressures
acting
on
the
species.
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