Human Evolution Midterm Exam: Key Concepts & Questions

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Dec 6, 2023

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NAME: Francisco Nunez ANT 171: Introduction to Human Evolution, Fall 2020 Midterm Exam *For multiple choice, please type your answer in the textbox at the end of the question. 1) The capacity to learn from other humans, enabling the accumulation of knowledge across many generations is known as: B A. Genetics B. Social learning C. Domestication D. Bipedalism 2) The BIOCULTURAL approach allows for the scientific study of the interrelationship between culture and what humans have inherited genetically. A. Anthropological B. Scientific C. Holistic D. Biocultural 3) What is a hypothesis? B A. The same thing as a theory B. A testable statement that can potentially explain specific phenomena observed in the natural world C. A statement that concerns scientific facts assumed to be true D. A statement unable to be refuted by future investigations 4) List and briefly describe the four branches of anthropology AND who was the early American Anthropologist who incorporated these into his evidence-based thinking? 1. Archeology: 2. Linguistic Anthropology: 3. Physical Anthropology: 4. Sociocultural Anthropology: 5) Which of the following is NOT necessary for natural selection to occur? D A. Population variation in various traits B. Variation in traits must provide a more enjoyable life for the organism C. Traits must be heritable (able to be passed from parents to offspring)

D. Variation in these heritable traits leads to differential survival and reproduction in the population 6) The four forces of evolution encompassed in the evolutionary synthesis include: A A. Natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift B. Natural selection, blending inheritance, catastrophism, and uniformitarianism C. Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and migration D. Gene flow, alleles, genetic drift, and mutation 7) What are the three conditions that are required for natural selection? C A. Species change and adapt based on environmental pressure, individuals change within their lifetime, and offspring inherit the changes B. Genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations provide the changes that affect future generations C. Traits must be heritable, variation exists among members of populations, variation in heritable traits leads to differential survival and reproduction D. The number of adults tends to remain the same over time, individuals vary very little over time, and natural selection works on only the best of those adults in each generation 8) List AND define the five scientific disciplines that Darwin drew on to develop his thinking about evolution. Geology: The study of earth’s physical history Paleontology: The study of extinct life forms through the analysis of fossils Taxonomy: The classification of organisms in a system that reflects degree of relatedness Systematics: The study and classification of living organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships with one another. Demography: study of populations features and vital stats such as birth rate, death rate, population size and density. 9 ) What is the result of Transcription in protein synthesis? D A. DNA template B. Transfer RNA (tRNA) C. Double stranded Messenger RNA (mRNA) D. Single stranded Messenger RNA (mRNA) 10) In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited

independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding: B A. Applies only to genes on the same chromosome B. Demonstrates the law of independent assortment C. Explains gene linkage D. Explains inheritance only in simple organisms 11) Which of the following is a characteristic of meiosis? D A. Occurs in somatic cells B. Has one cell division C. Results in two daughter cells D. Results in daughter cells with half of the original cell’s genetic material 12) Human height is affected by many genes, so it is a POLYGENIC trait. A. Pleiotropic B. Codominant C. Polygenic D. Epigenetic 13) John and Jane are both heterozygous and have brown eyes. Blue eye alleles (b) are recessive and brown eye alleles (B) are dominant. What is the probability their child will have blue eyes? There is a 1/4 chance that their child will have blue eyes. 14) If John was instead homozygous dominant for brown eyes and Jane was still heterozygous, what is the probability their child will have blue eyes? There is no chance their child will have blue eyes. 15) What is random change in allele frequencies over time known as? A A. Genetic drift B. Gene flow C. Admixture D. Gene migration

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16) Evolutionary fitness measures: B A. Physical strength B. Reproductive success C. Life span D. Intelligence 17) Why is the heterozygous sickle-cell genotype common only in malarial regions? B A. Gene flow spread the sickle-cell allele only in malarial regions B. The heterozygous condition confers immunity to malaria C. The sickle-cell allele is a new mutation and will eventually spread worldwide D. The association of the sickle-cell allele and malaria is a random coincidence due to genetic drift 18) In human evolution there has been strong selection for increased brain size over time. This is an example of what type of natural selection? D A. Directional selection B. Stabilizing selection C. Disruptive selection D. No selection 19) Provide one example of each of the “Four levels of Adaptation” and explain each. Genetic Adaptation: Can occur when a stressor is constant and last many generations Ex: evolution of skin color based on climate Acclimation/Acclimatization: adjustments to environmental stimuli Ex: tanning of skin due to heat acclimatization and increased sweating Developmental acclimation: ability of an organism to modify its phenotype in response to environmental exposures. Ex: those who have bigger chests due to higher altitudes that they live in because they develop larger lung capacities Cultural/behavioral adaptations: having to adapt to changes in ones natural environment by modifications of their cultures. Ex: Having to learn a new language 20) What tooth cusp pattern is found among apes? A A. Y-5 pattern B. Bilophodont teeth C. Tooth comb D. Star pattern

21) What does the Catarrhine group include? C A. New World and Old-World monkeys only B. Lemurs, lorises, and galagos C. Old-World monkeys, Apes and Humans D. Lemurs, lorises, and Old-World monkeys 22) What does the suborder Strepsirrhini include? B A. New World and Old-World monkeys B. Lemurs, lorises, and galagos C. Great apes and lesser apes D. Lemurs, lorises, and New World monkeys 23) We observe a remarkable increase in brain size in the order primates. What is this associated with? A A. Primates have long growth and development periods to accommodate the development of complex behaviors in individuals B. Primates have shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size C. Primate brain size is determined primarily by genetic drift and has no clear adaptive role, other than in humans D. The relatively large brain in primates is due to the expansion of the olfactory system during primate evolution 24) Describe FIVE primate adaptations that (in combination) set primates apart from all other mammals. 1. Large brains 2. Forward facing eyes 3 fingernails 4. reduced snouts 5. A rotating shoulder joint 25) What behaviors does natural selection generally favor? D A. Behaviors that increase body size B. Behaviors that increase brain size C. Behaviors that limit population size D. Behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction 26) What does sexual dimorphism involve? B A. It refers to the mating rites of primates

B. It concerns sex differences in body size and canine size C. It refers primarily to male and female social hierarchy D. It is the study of sexual intercourse between primates 27) What is altruistic behavior? B A. Behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual B. Something that occurs only between primates that are not relatives C. Not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation D. Not an advantage of cooperation within a society 28) How do male and female primates differ in reproductive strategies? B A. Males and females of the same species usually have different residence patterns B. Males compete for mates, while females compete for resources C. Some males are part of dominance hierarchies, but females never are D. Females typically commit infanticide when a new male enters the group 29) List and briefly describe the SIX primate residence patterns. 1. One male, multi-female : one reproductive age male and several mature females. One female has more than one partner . This society is polygynous. 2. One female, multi- male: One reproductive age female and several mature males. One female has more than one partner. This society is polygynous. 3. Multi-male, multi-female: Has many adults male and female both mate promiscuously. 4. All male: some males forma temporary group then end up joining or forming groups that have male and females . 5. One male, one female: adult male and adult female with their immature offspring. Mating is typically monogamous. 6. Solitary: Go at it alone, raley seen with other individuals. Interaction only occurs for sexual activity.

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